北部湾盆地海中凹陷断裂发育、演化特征与成因机制
Development, evolutionary characteristics, and genetic mechanisms of faults in the Haizhong Sag, Beibu Gulf Basin
- 2026年 页码:1-21
收稿:2026-03-20,
修回:2026-06-15,
网络首发:2026-08-27
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北部湾盆地海中凹陷经历了多期构造运动叠加改造,断裂体系错综复杂、展布交错,厘清断裂级别、组合样式、活动差异及时-空演化对海中凹陷油气勘探具有重要意义。基于连片三维地震资料,系统厘定了断裂组合样式、平面展布及分级特征,揭示了断裂演化的区域差异与成因机制。研究结果表明:① 海中凹陷断裂可划分为5个级别,主要发育NE向、NEE向、近WE—NWW向及NW向断裂,优势走向为NEE向和近WE—NWW向,且具有分层差异性,表现为北洼优势走向为近WE—NWW向,北部陡坡带以NWW向和NE向断裂为主,南部缓坡带NEE向与近WE—NWW向断裂交织分布。② 断裂样式包括伸展、走滑、伸展-走滑复合和反转4种类型。③ 断裂活动时序差异显著,NWW向断裂主活动期为渐新世晚期;NEE向断裂在古新世—渐新世长期活动,活动强度自北西向南东递减,其中3号断裂在流沙港组沉积期活动增强,于涠(涠洲组)四段-涠三段沉积期达到峰值,至涠二段-涠一段沉积期逐渐减弱。④ 海中凹陷断裂时-空差异活动的根本机制在于区域构造事件驱动的应力场性质与方向转换,基底先存断裂的继承性活动与选择性活化是断裂差异演化的重要控制因素。⑤ 断裂差异活动主要集中于古新世—中始新世、晚始新世—中渐新世、晚渐新世及中中新世末4个关键演化时期,其核心动力源自印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞、太平洋板块俯冲、古南海俯冲消亡、南海扩张及哀牢山-红河断裂带走滑运动5大关键要素。上述动力要素通过调控区域应力场演化与基底先存断裂的协同作用,共同决定了海中凹陷断裂的时-空分布、活动强度与演化规律。
The Haizhong Sag in the Beibu Gulf Basin has undergone superimposed modification by multi-phase tectonic activity, resulting in a highly complex and interlaced fault system. Clarifying the fault orders, assemblage patterns, differences in fault activity, and spatiotemporal evolution is of great significance for hydrocarbon exploration in the Haizhong Sag. Based on merged 3D seismic data, this study systematically determined the fault assemblage patterns, plan-view distributions, and hierarchical characteristics, and elucidated the regional disparities and genetic mechanisms of fault evolution. As indicated by the research results, (1) the faults in the sag were classified into five orders and were mainly NE-, NEE-, near-EW-NWW-, and NW-trending, among which the NEE and nearly WE-NWW striking faults are predominant and exhibit stratification-dependent differences. To be specific, the near-EW-NWW-trending faults prevail in the northern sub-sag; NWW- and NE-trending faults dominate the northern steep-slope zone; the NEE- and near-EW-NWW-trending faults are interwoven in the southern gentle-slope zone. (2) Four fault styles were identified: extensional faults, strike-slip faults, composite extensional-strike-slip faults, and inverted faults. (3) Significant temporal disparities exist in fault activity sequences: the NWW-trending faults were mainly active during the Late Oligocene, whereas the NEE-trending faults experienced long-term activity from the Paleocene to the Oligocene, with their activity intensity decreasing from northwest to southeast. For instance, fault No. 3 intensified its activity during deposition of the Liushagang Formation, peaked during deposition of the 4th and 3rd members of the Weizhou Formation (Wei 4 and Wei 3 members), and gradually weakened during deposition of the 2nd and 1st members of the Weizhou Formation (Wei 2 and Wei 1 members). (4) The fundamental mechanism underlying the differential spatiotemporal fault activity in the Haizhong Sag lies in the transformation of stress field properties and directions driven by regional tectonic events, while the inherited reactivation and selective activation of pre-existing basement faults serve as critical controlling factors for differential fault evolution. (5) Differential fault activity was concentrated in four key evolutionary periods: the Paleocene-Middle Eocene, Late Eocene-Middle Oligocene, Late Oligocene, and the end of the Middle Miocene. Their core driving forces were derived from five key tectonic factors: India-Eurasia plate collision, Pacific plate subduction, subduction and extinction of the Paleo-South China Sea, South China Sea spreading, and strike-slip movement along the Ailaoshan-Red River Fault Zone. By regulating the evolution of the regional stress field and its synergistic interaction with pre-existing basement faults, these tectonic factors jointly controlled the spatiotemporal distribution, activity intensity, and evolutionary patterns of the faults in the Haizhong Sag.
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