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    25 December 1984, Volume 5 Issue 4
    SOME PROBLEMS ON PETROLEUM GEOCHEMICAL RESEARCH AND APPLICATION IN CHINA
    Huang Difan
    1984, 5(4):  305-314.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840401
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    The theory of continental petroleum generation in our country has under gone 44 years ever since it has been initiated by Prof.Pan Zhongxiang.In re-cent ten years,much work has been done around the kernel of this theory,i.e.the research and application of petroleum organic geochemistry,and consi-derable advances have been made.On the present state of petroleum organic geochemistry in China,and on the basis of our monograph The Evolution and Hydrocarbon Generation Mechanism of Continental Organic Matter,this paper discusses the following subjects:(1)Classification of kerogen and requirements of high quality oil source areas.(2)The curve and equation of time-temperature relation of petroleum ge-neration threshold.(3)Geochemical significance of low-matured oil.(4)Main functions of relative parameters for biomarkers.(5)The significance of heavy soluble components in rocks during hydro-carbon generation and the limitation of the theory of kerogen-formed oil.(6)Hydrocarbon generation mechanism.

    A PRELIMINARY APPROACH ON C-SUBDUCTION AND ITS HYDROCARBON PROSPECTING
    Luo Zhili
    1984, 5(4):  315-324.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840402
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    In China,some subduction zones are quite different from A.W.Bally's A/B-subduction.They have,as usual,huge thickness of Meso-Cenozoic prism of sediments in the front of folded mountain chains with a little or no sub-marine facies.They are far away from,and not related kinetically with B-subduction.At first,they were normal faults,but changed later into reverseones or thrusts near the earth surface.Hence,the author proposes in this paperthat these zones could be termed as C-subduction,i.e.,China-type subduction which can be exemplified by Karamay-Urho thrust system in the northern margin of Junggar Basin and the Longmenshan thrust belt in Sichuan Basin.As for the mechanism of formation of the C-subduction,it is assumed that it was possibly formed in the front of the older Paleozoic folded mountain chain or at the margin of the Meso-Cenozoic basin,where huge column of sediments accumulated,thus ensuring great instability under sedimentary load.As long as the plate action in the distance took place,these basin floors could be inflaenced and certainly be underplated towards the folded mountain chains or the uplifted basin margins because the potential energy of the loading turned into kinetic energy,thus consequently resulting in the above mentioned C-subduction.The mechanic model is similar to that of K.O.Emery (1980),i.e.in actions of sedimentary loading,the margin of stable continent could changed into unstable continent margin.Conditions for hydrocarbon generation and preservation in the thrust belts of C-subduction are very complicated but very promising.The first important factor for petroleum prospecting is the existance of rich source rocks,and the relative stability of earth crust in late stage is also indispensible for petroleum preservation.

    ON THE DIVISION OF DIAGENESIS STAGES ACCORDING TO THE TRANSFORMATION OF CLAY MINERALS
    Ren Liefu, Chen Yunqing
    1984, 5(4):  325-334.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840403
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    This paper discusses the regularity of evolution of clay minerals during the process starting from sedimentation,diagenesis to metamorphism.Because of the difference in measuring conditions of different X-ray diffractions,it is difficult to compare data obtained when taking the peak width of illete as half of 10Å reflections (Kubler,1966) as the crystallinity indexes.So the authors propose the opening index of illite instead of Kubler's index,that is,to take Na=b/a at half 10Å reflection and CR=h/Ns(see fig.4) to discribe opening illite and the parameter of diagenetic strength. Based on the study of sepiolite-talc from Permian,Jiangxi Province,the authors suggest that the sepiolite changes towards talc when its layer-chain structure collapses.Since there is no distinct low limit for diagenesis,it is suggested to abandon the term anadiagenesis as a stage of diagenesis,but it could be used as a relative description term.The division of stages according to transforming marks of clay minerals are as follows.

    SOME PROBLEMS CONCERNING GEOMORPHOLOGY OF SHIDAO,XISHA ISLANDS
    Zeng Zhaoxuan, Huang Shaomin, Zeng Diming
    1984, 5(4):  335-341.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840404
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    Shidao,an islet of Xisha Islands,is a tableland composed of upper Pleisto-cene bioclastic limestone.Its formation was clearly affected both by sea level fluctuation and crustal movement,suffered a environment of low level and arid climate of postglacial age.Shidao now exhibits a geomorphological envi-ronment of offshore sand bar and lagoon.Therefore,its strata present steeper slope and shows antiform sedimentary structure.According to the joints and calcite developed within spaces of lamellations,it has been subjected to influ-ence of crustal movement.The uncomformity between the upper Pleistocene sediments and recent sedi-ments and the C14 age dating demonstrates that there had been fluctuation of sea level.This means that a high sea level stage might occur.As for the age reversal of the bioclastic limestones,it is considered to be the result of particular condition of the islet,i.e.the conventional stratigra-phical law does not work in the present islet.Lithofacies of bioclastic limestones,its property,thickness and the pattern of arrangement,has exerted significant influence on the landform of erosion and accumulation of this islet.

    PROSPECT OF PRIMARY OIL AND GAS OF THE MIDDLE-UPPER PROTEROZOIC IN HEBEILIAONING DEPRESSION
    Hao Shisheng
    1984, 5(4):  342-348.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840405
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    The middle-upper Proterozoic in Hebei-Liaoning depression covers an area of about 70,000 km2,and is composed mainly of carbonates.A lot of oil shows have been found within the depression.According to the type and abundance of organic matters there,it is sugges-ted that the Gaoyuzhuang,Wumishan,Hongshuizhuang,Tieling and Xiama-ling Formations are all capable of generating hydrocarbons,but the most favour-able source-reservoir-cap assemblage are the Hongshuizhuang,Tieling,Xiama-ling Formations.The maturity of organic matters vary with places.At pre-sent,organic matters in Jibei,Liaoxi and Xuanlong depression are in a status of matured stage,those in Jizhong depression have reached highly matured to wet gas stage,while others in the other basins are in over-matured stage.According to the study of Shuangdong anticline,it is believed that oil was formed mainly in the periods of Indo-China and Yenshan movements.Finally,oil promising areas in the middle-upper Proterozoic are suggested in this paper.

    HETAO ARCUATE TECTONIC SYSTEM AND THEIR MECHANISM OF FORMATION AND EVOLUTION
    Zhao Zhongyuan, Guo Zhongming, Hui Binyao
    1984, 5(4):  349-361.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840406
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    Hetao arcuate tectonic system lies along the Great Bend of the Huanghe Rever in the middle-west part of Inner Mongolia.It consists of the Langshan range-basin structural zone,Yinshan faulted zone,Hetao Basin and Huanghe faulted zone.They are all arranged parallel to one another in an arcuate form with an apex towards northwest.The foundamental rocks which constitute Hetao arcuate tectonic system are the Late Archeozoic magmatized gneisses and marbles and the Early and Middle Proterozoic schists,slates and quartzites.Rocks of the Late Proterozoic,the Palaeozoic and the Triassic are almost all absent,but a few outcrops of Cam-brian,Ordovician,Upper Carboniferous and Lower Permian have been found in some localities.Those basins situated in the Langshan range-basin structural zone are filled with Jurasic and Cretaceous conglomerates,sandstones and mudstones,but Hetao Basin is mainly filled with Tertiary and Quaternary sediments,including source rocks of the Guyang Formation of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous and the Linhe Formation of Oligocene.It is believed that Hetao region appeared to be a wide uplift from Late Proterozoic to Early Mesozoic,and Hetao arcuate tectonic system was formed since late Triassic.It is supposed that those structural zones of Hetao arcuate tectonic system caused by shear-compressive stresses were formed firstly when Ordos massif moved towards NW during Late Triassic and Eocene,and when the massif has moved in reverse direction since Eocene,Hetao Basin—the tensil structural element—was then formed by pulling along the former faulted zones.When Ordos massif moved forward,the apex of the arc was subjected to strong normal compressive stresses,while its SE and SW limbs were effected by the right-and left-lateral shear stresses respectively.This is the most possible reason why the range-basin structures on its two limbs of Langshan structural zone are in an echelon pattern in response to the Yinshan faulted zone.Thus we infer that the formation and evolution of Hetao arcuate tectonic system in respect of the regional tectonics may probably be related to the oppo-site moving of the Eurasian plate to Kula plate,Pacific plate and the Indian plate in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods.

    AN OUTLINE OF PETROLEUM GEOLOGY OF BAISE BASIN
    Cai Shuntian, Guo Yiqiu
    1984, 5(4):  362-371.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840407
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    Baise Basin,located in the western part of Guangxi Province,is a narrow Tertiary sedimentary basin striking NW and occupying an area of 830km2.This basin is the biggest one among the five Tertiary basins in Guangxi Province and has a history over 20 years in petroleum prospecting.The Tertiary sediments in this basin are of 2,700-3,400m thick.Among other things,the late Eocene Nadu Formation (E3n) and the Oligocene Baigang Formation (E3b) are both source rocks and reservoir rocks.In addition,lime-stones of the middle Triassic Lanmu Formation (T2l),which constitutes the basement of the basin,also serve as reservoir rocks.Source rocks of Nadu For-mation is as thick as 700m.Organic matters in the rocks are primarily sapropel or intermediate types.Geothermal gradient observed in this basin is 3.4℃/100m.The thresholds of oil generation are respectively 1,200m (64℃) and 1,400m(71℃).The basin could be divided into three depressions and two uplifts,i.e.Tiandong,Baise and Tianyang depressions and Nabai and Sitang uplifts.Tiandong is the biggest depression among the three and has been highly ex-plorated.Till now,8 oil and gas pools discovered are all distributed along this depression and the neibouring Nabai uplift.The step-faulted zone in north of the depression is oil and gas enrich zone.Oil pools in this basin are in various small traps,such as anticlinal trap,fault block trap,lithological trap or even more complicated trap.The buried depth is 22.6-1,935m.Crude oil is low-sulphur paraffin-base,and is charac-terized almost by primary or oxidized type.Some oil traps are capped with gas.The formation waters are NaHCO3 type.

    PETROLEUM GEOLOGY FEATURES OF DONGMING DEPRESSION
    Chen Xiaodong, Zhou Jizhi, Qiu Yanghui, Guo You
    1984, 5(4):  373-384.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840408
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    Large scale of prospecting and exploration have been carried out in Dong-ming depression and several oil and gas pools have been found since 1975.Now a big oilfield-Zhongyuan Oilfield is founded there and the place has become one of the important production bases in the eastern part of China.Dongming depression is a graben bounded faults formed since early Tertiary (Eocene-Oligocene).The lower Tertiary can be divided into two sedimentary cycles separated by the base of the second member of the Shaheje Formation.The early,middle and late phases of each cycle had different ways of compensation and different complex of sedimentary facies.Subaerial and subaqueous alluvial fans,mass-flow and lacustrine flood plain sediments are well developed in this downwarped environment.Source rocks are developed in the middle phase of each cycle,and the third member of the Shaheje Formation is the main source rock.Organic matters,mainly of humus-sapropel type,are of middle abundance.The depth of upperand lower limits favourable to oil generation are 2,400m (90℃) and 4,100m(145℃) respectively.Dongming depression is lying in between Liaolan fault and Changyuan fault,comprising two subbasins and one uplift.The differential in time and strenth of faults'movements has controlled various kinds of subordinate basins and led to a number of local structures to form.Most of the structures are basement uplifting anticlinal structures and faulted-blocks.They constitute li-thostructural traps in combination with sandstones.The oil and gas pools can be divided into four groups:1)Inherited anticlinal oil pools;2)Anticlinal oil pools evolved from earlier stepfaults;3)Faulted block pools occurred on later step-faulted zone;and 4)Faultsealed oil pools developed on shallow slope of a half-graben.

    TURBIDITES FORM THE MIDDLE TRIASSIC JIANGDONGGOU FORMATION IN SANCHAHE AREA,SOUTHERN GUIZHOU
    Zhou Jingcai, Yang Hong, Liao Shinan, Wei Xinhua
    1984, 5(4):  385-395.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840409
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    Sanchahe area,Luodian County,Guizhou Province,was in the northern margin of Guizhou-Guangxi Sea Basin and to the south of the Bangen atoll during Ladinic stage.A series of beautiful turbidites with distinct rhythm was deposited there,containing small amount of ammonites,Pelecypoda and other organic clastics.These sediments are now described as the Jiangdonggou Forma-tion,which have following characteristics:1.The rhythmic bedding is quite distinct and the Bouma cycle can be clearly distinguished with B,C,D,and E intervals being hingly developed.Among other things,the D-E and B-E sequences are more common.2.Various kinds of underside casts,such as flute casts,groove casts and load casts were developed there.The paleocurrent direction can be determined by the flute or groove casts ranging 268-297°.3.Major component of these sediments is feldspar,and then quartz.The argillaceous material occupies 3-35%,while the calcite matrix (cement) is 1.5-30%.Therefore,the sediments belong in feldsparthic sandstone.The round-ness of particles is poor and grain size are usually more than 4φ.4.As for parameters of grain-size,the average diameter (Mz) of particles isof 4.073φ,belonging to silt size;the standard deviation (σ1) is of 0.738,indica-ting middle degree of sorting;the mean skewness (SKI) is of-0.0002,expressing approximate symmetry;the average value of kurtosis (Kg) is 0.9369,showing approximately normal distribution;the average discriminant score (Y) of envi-ronment (river or turbidity flow) is of 7.6725,representing turbidity current.5.In aspect of graphic feature,straight line and simple brokenline are reproduced on probability diagram of grain size with low slope ranging from 32° to 64°,suggesting mainly a graded suspension transport,but a small amount of saltation transport may have taken place.CM diagram shows parallel C=M spacing.According to sedimentary sequence,underside casts,grain-size and graphic feature,it is Presumed that the Jiangdonggou Formation was the distal facies of turbidity current far from its provenance.

    DEEPLY CHERISH THE MEMORY OF PROFFESSOR PAN ZHONGXIANG
    Xu Huaida, Chen Fajing, Long Xiangfu, Qi Yufeng, Yao Meisheng, Lu weiwen, Zhu Shixin
    1984, 5(4):  396-401.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840410
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    Prof.Pan Zhongxiang (1906-1983),a famous petroleum geologist,passed a way one year ago.He was a pioneer in China's petroleum prospecting and also a fruitful scholar in petroleum geology.He founded the theory of conti-nental petroleum generation and initiated the viewpoint that the oil distribution is controlled by sedimentary facies and pointed out that seeking bedrock pool is an important direction for oil exploration.During 1930s,he studied geologi-cal conditions of north Shaanxi and east Shichuan and planned the first well sites in Yanchang and Baxian Counties himself.Commercial oil and gas flows were obtained in these wells.Prof.Pan also had great attainments in paleobotany and mineral deposit.The valuable monographs such as Older Mesozoic plants in North Shensi and Successive Zones of Orogenic Movements and Granitic Intrusions of Eastern Asia are also written by him.The theses and books concerning petroleum geology written and translated by him are up to 28.Prof.Pan had been a teacher at different time in Zhongshan University,Beijing University,Beijing College of Geology and Wuhan College of Geology respectly.He taught and guided a large number of students and postgraduates,most of which are now the backbone of our petroleum geology.Because of his extensive knowledge,rigorous attitude towards education and being amiable and easy of approach,he is deeply respected by his students and colleagues.Prof.Pan was bone in Jixian County,Henan Province.He graduated in Bei-jing University and studied in Kansas University and Minnesota University,U.S.A.,and won doctor's degree in 1946.He was one of the founders of Petroleum Society of China and was elected vice president of the First Coun-cil of P.S.C.

    ON THE STRATAGRAPHIC AGE OF THE LINXI FORMATION
    Wang Congfeng, Zhang Xiaojun
    1984, 5(4):  403-407.  doi:10.11743/ogg19840411
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    This paper systematically studies sporopollen,ostracoda,charophyta and gastropoda of the Linxi Formation in southern Hebei.Sporopollen assemblage of the Linxi Formation is characterized dominantly by gymnospermous pollen,abundance of pteridophytic spores,but no angios-permous pollen are found there.The main members of the assemblage include Schizaoisporites,Cicatricosisporites,Osmundacidites,Densoispoyites,Classopollis Cycadopites and disaccate;Ostracoda:Cypridea (Ulwellia) taihangshanensis,C.(Cy-pridea) unicostata,Damonella extenda,D.ovata,Ziziphocypris linchengensis,Monosulcocypris sp.,Darwinula sp.,Rhinocypris sp.,Charophyta:Mesochara stiptata;Gastropoda:Probaicalia sp.,Brotiopsis sp.Biostratigraphically,the Linxi Formation might be correlated with the Rehe Group in Hebei,the Jiande Group in Zhejiang,the Laiyang Formation in Shandong,the Bayanhua Formation in Inner Mongolia.Geological age of the Linxi Formation may probaply belong to Berriasian-Valanginian period.