Table of Content

25 September 2001, Volume 22 Issue 3

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THINKING OF MESO-PALEOZOIC HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION IN SOUTH CHINA

Dai Shaowu, He Zi'ai, Wang Jinyi

2001, 22(3):  195-202,209.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010301

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The characteristics of the reformed basins in South China determined the complexity and variety of the basins' hydrocarbon pool forming. According to the pool forming basis,the key and end result,it is suggested that:1.the localization of present hydrocarbon pools is determined by late stage reformation, the reservoir spaces controlled by redistributed hydrocarbon source but not proto type basins; 2.the principal pool forming models shoul be early stage accumulation late stage pool forming and late stage accumulation late stage pool forming two kinds; 3.the property of hydrocarbon high evolution grade and late pool forming has determined that gas exploration should be taken as the main target in South China; 4.the quality of late stage reformed and entire sealing system is the key of pool forming and preservation; 5.the exploration of natural gas in South China must insist on the main target horizons and give consideration to other possible gas bearing beds;must insist on the exploration thinking of "secondary hydrocarbon generation, multi bed reservoiring and entire sealing" due to its property of multiple reservoir beds and multiple reservoir types.

BASEMENT NONLINEAR SUBSIDENCE OF FAULTED LAKE BASIN AND TYPE-ⅡSEQUENCE FORMATION: TAKE NANPU DEPRESSION IN JIDONG OILFIELDS AS AN EXAMPLE

Wang Jiahao, Wang Hua, Zhou Haimin, Zhao Zhongxin, Gan Huajun, Han Jinyang

2001, 22(3):  203-206.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010302

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The acceleration and decelaration in the episodic subsiding process (nonlinear tectonic subsidence) of the basement of faulted lacustrine basin have distinct controlling effect on the formation of sequence, and could strenghthen or weaken the information of sequence boundary, result in the advance or delay of system tract. Type Ⅱ sequence interface was formed when the basement nonlinear subsidence speeded up and the tectonic subsidence acceleration was bigger than or equal to lake level falling acceleration. The coupling between basement nonlinear subsidence and lake level elevation and subsidence has strong control over fluviation manner and the deposit distribution. According to this and applying sandbody isopach map, the correctness of sequence division could be verified. The characteristics could also be used as the evidence in sequence recognition.

CHARACTERISTICS OF NITROGEN ISOTOPE IN DIFFERENT DEPOSITONAL ENVIRONMENTS IN CHINA

Chen Chuanping, Mei Bowen

2001, 22(3):  207-209.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010303

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The test results of nitrogen isotopic samples of several crude oils and kerogens in China's different depositional environments suggest that nitrogen isotope is related to depositional environment. The ¹⁵N of oils formed in fresh water environment is about 0.3%～0.6%;the ¹⁵N ratios of deposits in salt and brackish waters are the heaviest,¹⁵N is generally above 1%;whereas that in Paleozoic marine carbonate rock and the oil from it is below 0 or less than 0.

EXPLORATION STRATEGY FOR THE FORELAND BASIN IN WESTERN SICHUAN

Wu Shixiang, Wang Zecheng, Zhang Lin, Shen Juehong, Luo Qihou

2001, 22(3):  210-216.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010304

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According to the analysis of the tectonic,sedimentary and hydrological features,combining with the distribution of oil and gas in Upper Triassic and Jurassic in the foreland basin in western Sichuan,the traps within the study area could be classified into structural and structural lithologic traps.It is pointed out that there are four major exploration areas in the west of Sichuan Basin:structural trap area along the Longmen Mountains including Upper Triassic Series and Jurassic System,deep basin gas in the depressions,structural lithologic trap area in the pinch out area of the second member of Xujiahe Formation along the foreland basin uplift,and shallower gas direction area in Jurassic System in the ancient Yanshan uplift.Different exploration strategies should be adopted in different areas and belts in the basin.

FENESTRAL STRUCTURE,RHOMBIC CENTER"-DEPOSITIONAL REGULARITY OF FAULTED BASINS

Liu Qiusheng, Li Huoche, He Bizhu, Zhang Yuti, Wang Yahong, Wang Jingyun, Jiang Xiaolin

2001, 22(3):  217-220.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010305

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Continental faulted basins formed in specific depositional environment. No matter they are dust pan,half graben and complex types, they have distinct general characters in section configuration and the distribution of sediments.In section configuration, the depressions are either triangle or reversed trapezoid-fenestral structure.Every type of faulted basin possesses clear deep depressed center with fine grained sediments and the sediments around the center get coarse. In a complete ingression regression cycle,the boundary lines between fine grain sediments and coarse grain sediments are two polygons appeared as a rhomb,that is the "rhombic centre". The rhombic centres may occure in bunches,and their shapes may be variety.The rhombic centres are the main source rock areas of the faulted basins.

METHOD OF IMPROVING RECOVERY RATIO FOR NO ENERGY COMPLEMENT WELLS IN SOUTH YELLOW RIVER REGION

Li Jiqiang, Yang Chenglin, Xu Chun'e, Ren Ganneng, Tu Xingwan

2001, 22(3):  221-224,229.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010306

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The oilfield in South Yellow River Region is composed of complicated small fault block reservoirs.There is no energy complement during oil field exploration,oil recovery result is very poor.Single well waterflood swallowing spitting method could complement the formation energy,restore formation pressure and improve recovery efficiency.The single well waterflood swallowing spilling should be carried out by stages,each stage could be divided into waterflooding,closing in and oil recovery substages.The restoration of formation pressure is closely related to the amount and rate of water injection.The closing in of wells is to make the water injected replacing oil.The wettability and permeability of the reservoir are the main factors effecting the waterflood swallowing spitting.The high wettability index of the reservoir determines it strong wettability,strong oil expulsion and high recovery rate;its high permeability means shorter water injection time and higher oil recovery velocity.This method is now used in Ma Ⅱ-108 Well,the result is evidence.

SEISMIC LITHOLOGIC INVERSION AND RESERVOIR PREDICTION OF HUZHUANGJI REGION

Cao Xueliang, Cao Yanjun, Jiang Chuan'en, Liu Hongwei, Pan Yilan

2001, 22(3):  225-229.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010307

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Sequence stratigraphy and seismic lithologic inversion were used to predict favourable reservoir developed area in Huzhuangji Region,Dongpu Depression.According to high resolution sequence stratigraphic principle,rock cores,log curves and the results of log interpretation,the sediments in the study area could be divided into 4 medium term cycles and 16 short term cycles which correspond to the second～third sand groups of the middle submember and the third sand group of the lower submember of Sha 3 member.Then 3 D seismic interpretation was made and 3 fractures were found.JASON software and wave impedance synthetic acoustic impedance log were used to make seismic lithologic inversion on the favorable reservoirs.The results indicate that the maximum value and the miminum value are in Hu 99 Well district and Hu 98 Well district respectively;the highest values of average sandstone percentage and average porosity are also in Hu 99 Well district.Seismic profile also showed abnormal seismic reflectance.This suggests that it may be a subaqueous fan which is favourable for oil exploration.

HYDROCARBON POOL FORMING CONDITION AND DISTRIBUTION REGULARITY OF SOUTH YELLOU RIVER REGION

Xie Lihua, Li Dong, Lei Li'an, Zhou Tong, Liu Ceyang, Du Yan

2001, 22(3):  230-233.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010308

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Hydrocarbon in South Yellow River Region are derived from Sha 3～4 member source rocks of the neighbouring front Liyuan,Gegangji and Guyang Sags.The analysis result of fluid potential suggests that the main hydrocarbon supplying areas of Baimiao and Qiaokou areas are the front Liyuan and Gegangji Sags;that of Xuji and Machang areas is Gegangji Sag;that of Sanchunji area is Guyang Sag.Westward dounthrown faults resulted in hydrocarbon step migration.Hydrocarbon bearing horizons would get younger each time when transport layer passed through west tilted fault but things would be opposite when the transport layer passed through every eastward downthroun fault,excepting Baimiao area.Oil and gas fields in the South Yellow River Region are distributed annularly near oil generation sag,oil and gas are enriched in the fault block traps of inherited drape structures.

APPLICATION OF TIME-FREQUENCY ANALYSIS TO HIGH RESOLUTION SEQUENCE STRATIGRAPHY

Shi Wanzhong, Li Juzi, Li Mengxi, Hu Xiaoqiang, Chen Xinjun

2001, 22(3):  234-237.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010309

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Time frequency analysis method is used to analyze the time domain and frequency domain of seismic waves at the same time according to the principle of wavelet transformation.The time frequency of wavelet transformation increases with the increasing of signal frequency.This can satisfy well time frequency analysis of multi graduation characteristic signal.It has been proved by practice that sedimentary cycle possesses good correspondence with the main extremum frequence;the corresponding main extremum frequence of normal sedimentary cycle changes from high frequency to low frequency in ascending order;the anticycle sedimentation is opposite.This correspondece could be used in sequence stratigraphic division and source reservoir cap rock assemblage prediction,and also in the recognition of sand body property.

THE REASON OF RESERVOIR BLOCKAGE IN CO₂ SWALLOWING-SPITTING TEST

Qian Siping, Du Peimin, Qiao Baolin, Zhou Xuhuang, Zhang Xiuqiong, You Xiaomiao, Mo Bing

2001, 22(3):  238-239,244.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010310

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In the test of CO₂ swallowing spitting made in Zhongyuan Oilfields,a new problem of reservoir blockage near wellbore area has arisen.The test result of Wen 65-84 Well in Zhongyuan Oilfields suggests that unknown mud like matter and inorgamic matter CaCO₃ could not cause the reservoir blockage,the dialysis of heavy organic materials (paraffin,bitumen)caused by CO₂ injection and the drop dwon of temperature is the real reason of the reservoir blockage.

QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT OF FRACTURED RESERVOIR: take the basement rock reservoir of Qijia buried hill in Liaohe Oilfieds as an example

Yin Zhijun, Peng Shimi, Gao Rongjie

2001, 22(3):  240-244.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010311

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Paleostress value,fractural porosity and fracturel fractal dimension could be used to demonstrate the basement rock reservoir of Qijia buried hill in Liaohe Oilfields.The paleostress value determined the development of the resorvoir fractures.Use bilateral log curves to recognize fractured interval and calculate fractural porosity and then use 3-D date to predict the distribution of fractured zone.Finally use paleostress value,fractural porosity and fracture fractal dimention to evaluate fractured reservoir.The result indicates that Ⅰ～Ⅱ type fractures developed well,could forme favourable reservoir.

WATERFLOOD DEVELOPMENT OF DEEP SEATED LOW PERMEABLE RESERVOIR

Zhao Weihua, Chang Jian, Du Yan, Feng Yongsheng, Kong Zichao

2001, 22(3):  245-248.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010312

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The upper oil reserves of Sha 3 member in Wen 33 block of Zhongyuan Oilfields is a deep buried,high geotemperature,high presseure and low permeable pool.For about 10 years,it has been difficult to inject and recovery.To deal with this situation,a precursor test of upward waterflood interval by interval was made associated with the technologies of subdividing measures,shortening well spaces,improving water quality and adjust the whole exploration project of the oil pool.After the test,the effect of pressure break is evident,waterflooding is much better than before and productive capacity is increased by 158%,oil recovery rates is increased 10 time as that before and recovery ratio increased 8.7%.This method has essentially solved the problem between plane and interval and the difficulty of water driving of the reserves,increased recovery ratio.

APPLICATION OF DEPTH-DELAY ARTIFICAL NEURAL NETWORK TO DISCRIMINATION OF RESERVOIR FLOODED DEGREE

Tang Wenzhong, Chen Bin, Zhai Yuyang, Liu Zhiyuan, Huang Hua

2001, 22(3):  249-252.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010313

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Depth delay artificial neural network model is put up to calculate the parameters and the flooded degree of flooded reservoir.This method could avoid the problem of calculating the resistivity of mixed liquid after flooding,and the non linear relation between one depth point geo parameter and the log data of the present depth point and more depth points of the upper and lower beds is more accurate.To use this model,one have to select suitable sample assemblage to traim the network first,then the interpretation model is built.Use this model to process the log data obtained from twenty wells of the lower section of Sha 2 member in Pucheng Oilfield,Dongpu Depression,the pesult is good,the coincidence rate is up to 82.4%.

DISTRIBUTION OF REMAINING OIL IN SHA-2 MEMBER OF PUCHENG OILFIELD

Zhou Yu, Deng Jun, Shi Weimin, Han Xiaoqin, Wang Xiaohua, Li Daoliang

2001, 22(3):  253-255,260.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010314

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The oil pool of Sha 2 member in the east part of Pucheng Oilfield is a multi layer heterogenous bedded oil pool,and has entered into high aquiferous exploration stage.The remaining reserve of the pool is 396?10⁴t,mainly distributed near faults,in the higher parts of structures and complicated fault blocks.Micro structures and reservoir property are the basic factors influencing the distribution of remaining oil;normal micro structures and micro roof type structures are the positions for oil enrichment;the fluid flow unit with lower permeablity has higher remaining oil saturation.Besides,the saturation increases with the increasing of waterflood well spaces.

ANALYSIS OF LOWER TERTIARY PETROLEUM SYSTEMS IN SHENXIAN SAG

Wang Yunsuo, Jiang Shuwen, Liao Jiahan, Shi Xiaochuan, Wang Ying

2001, 22(3):  256-260.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010315

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Abstract: Shenxian Sag is situated in the east part of Linqing Depression in Bohai Bay Basin. The main source rocks are Sha-1, Sha-3, Sha-4 members and the Kongdian Formation. The late depositional stage of the Guantao Formation was the peak stage of oil generation and expulsion of the source rocks and also the critical period of the formation of petroleum systems. According to oil shows and oil source correlation, the Lower Tertiary in the sag could be divided into two petroleum systems: 1. the known Sha-3 menber pertoleum system which contains two subsystems such as the lower Sha-3 submember and the middle and upper Sha-3 submember subsystems. Oil pools of Jia-2 Well and Sherr4 Well were discovered in the first subsystem but no oil shows have been found in the last subsystem; 2. the deduced petroleum system of Sha-4 member and the Kongdian Formation could be divided into Sha4 member subsystem and Kongdian Formation subsystem, and no oil shows have been discovered in the second subsystems. The oil pools developed within the petroleum systems are mainly srtuctural oil pool, structural lithologic oil pool and lithologic oil pool which were formed in Miocen Epoch. The distribution of oil pools are controlled by hydrocarbon generation sag,hydrocarbon genera-tion stage and fault sealing ability. It is considered that circumsag belt in Tangyi Subsag is favourable for hydrocarbon pool formation.

RESERVOIR PROPERTY AND REMAINING GAS EXPLORATION POTENTIAL OF WEST WEN-13 GAS POOL

Zhang Yunpeng, Xu Shuang, Li Dong, Zhou Cuiping, Li Zhibao

2001, 22(3):  261-263.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010316

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West Wen 13 gas pool is situated in the west side of Wendong structural zone in Dongpu Depression.It's main gas bearing horizon is the middle submember of Sha 3 member of Eogene;the main reservoirs are the fourth,eighth and tenth sublayers of the fifth sand group.The reservoir porosity and permeability decrease from higher part to lower part of the structures,and the variation coefficient of permeability is within 0.7～2.0. According to the analysis results of gas reserves of each fault block and sublayer,better results could be obtained in gas recovery so long as some oil wells in east simple structural block be turned into gas producing wells;the high position in the south of west simple structural block is favourable for remaining gas exploration;wells with short-term and high productivity may be found in Wen 13-92,Wen13-293 Blocks,but Wen13-122 Block is not suitable for exploration at present time.

DISCRIMINATION OF OIL SOURCE IN N DEPRESSION

Zhang Xinjian, Wang Jingyun, Yang Liying, Zhang Ling, Zhao Junling

2001, 22(3):  264-266.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010317

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N Depression is a Meso Cenozoic faulted depression.SL and AJ oil bearing structures were discovered in Lower Cretaceous AJ Formation in the central uplift belt of the depression.Oil oil correlation result shows that,the crude oil group composition of the above mentioned oil bearing structures are the same,suggesting that the oils should be derived from the same source rock.The result of oil source rock correlation indicates that ,the maturaty of crude oil is clearly higher than that of the source rock in the uplift belt but equal to that of the source rock of the oil generation sags in two side.Besides,the composition of sterane,the distribution of hopane and the value of carbon isotope of crude oil or oil sand coincide with those of the source rock in the sags.This thus further indicates that the crude oil is derived from the source rock in the sags

CHARACTERISTICS OF POROSITY DEVELOPMENT OF JURASSIO SAND-STONE IN THE NORTH MARGIN OF QAIDAM BASIN

Liu Yuntian, Yang Shaoyong

2001, 22(3):  267-269.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010318

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The Jurassic sandstone in the north margin of Qaidam Basin consists of medium coarse size sandstone,conglomerate sandstone and fine sand with low content of cement.The reservoir spaces of the sandstone are mainly primary porosity with a small part of secondary porosity.Diagenetic compaction was the controlling factor of porosity evolution and preservation.The porosity reduction of the Jurassic sandstone caused by compaction at present burial depth is 20%～32%,and it is related to tectonic evolution history,especially to the maximal paleo burial depth and the maximun of post denudation.The present porosity formed during 65～12 Ma when the sandstone was in the maximun buried depth.So it is considered that the deeper of the sandstone buried,the smaller the porosity would be.

APPLICATION OF PALAEOHYDRODYNAMIC MODELING TO TARIM BASIN

Kang Zhihong, Kang Yanfang, Deng Lin, Wang Yinmin, Hu Beichen, Zhang Pengde, Yang Hong, Huang Dilong

2001, 22(3):  270-272.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010319

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According to geologic model of unsteady groundwater flow in heterogeneous medium and adopting the finite difference solution,the direction and strength of oil gas migration can be quantified.Tarim Basin had three main oil gas generating phases including the early Hercynian,the late Hercynian and the Himalayan phases,Modeling result suggests that,in the early Hercynain,groundwater flew from the source depression to the around areas.Tazhong,Shaya Uplifts and the south and east of Shaya Uplift are favourable for oil gas migration.As the early Hercynian movement was very strong,fossil oil pools were exposed on surface and mainly denudated;in the later Hercynian,the oil gas migrated to Tazhong and Tabei Uplifts,accumulated in Tazhong;in the Himalayan stage,because of intense surface waterfall and draining,fissil oil pools were distoried;the fullness of the pools decreased ,and pressure system was changed.

APPLICATION OF WIDE-BAND CONSTRAINED INVERSION TO PREDICTION OF XIEFENGQIAO OILFIELD RESERVOIR IN JIANGLING DEPRESSION

Zhu Wei, Zhu Ling, Wu Xinmin

2001, 22(3):  273-276.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010320

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Wide band constrained inversion is to use the vertical high resolution of log data and the lateral continuity of seismic data to predict reservoir laterally.At first,acousit log is used in horizontal calibration;then stratigraphic horizon should be digitized;finally,use average amplitude of three seismic traces of well site to extract 100 ms wavelet,make random seismic inversion and reservoir prediction.This method is used in the prediction of Xiefengqiao Oilfield reservoir.The resoult indicates that the lower part of the Xingouzui Formation Shashi Formation contain two major oil bearing sands O₃ and O₄.Then stack the oil bearing sands with structural traps,the O₄ sand covers an area of 7 km²,a flowing oil well was drilled in it,indicating that the prediction result is accurate.

THE COMPLEX TRAP OF SUWEIYI FORMATION IN AKEDUM REGION

Duan Tiejun

2001, 22(3):  277-279.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010321

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Akedun is situates in the southern part of Luntai fault in the Shaya Uplift,Tarim Basin.The Suweiyi Formation in it is the major pay bed.The formation was analysed by chart stacking technology along the sealing surface of the trap,a large tectonic lithologic complex trap was found in the top of the formation.The trap is composed of three nose structures,each one has different configuration and trap type.In seismic profile,the top surface of the trap is characterized by high amplitude,continuous reflectance and easily recognized pinch out.The discovery of the trap shows that the chart stacking techonogy with trap sealing surface could obtain better discrimination result.

ORIGIN OF GEOCHEMICAL ANOMALY ON GROUND SURFACE OF SHIWU FAULTED DEPRESSION IN SONGLIAO BASIN

Zhang Yuming

2001, 22(3):  280-281.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010322

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Therer are two kinds of geochemical anomaly zones in Shiwu faulted depression.One was resulted from oil gas migration along the faults formed or reactivated in the end of Nenjiang movement.The free gas in this kind of anomaly zones is still active.The other kind was formed of oil gas micro seepage.This kind of anomaly zones have high abnormal ΔC and acid degradated hydrocarbon.The geochemical anomaly zones of Sangshutai fracture and Shuanglong sturcture belong to the first kind;that of Houwujiahu and Siwujiazi Gasfields belong to the second kind.

MULTI-PARAMETER DETECTION OF GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION IN HULUSHAN STRUCTURE,QAIDAM BASIN

Ma Jinlong, Zhang Xianwu, Liu Anying

2001, 22(3):  282-283.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010323

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According to the analysis of multi parameter hydrocarbon geochemical indicators,Hulushan structure in Qaidam Basin could be divided into 3 geochemical abnormal zones:the first abnormal zone is around Husheng 1 Well with an area of 45 km².Its free hydrocarbon,acid degraded hydrocarbon and ΔC are all abnormal and coincide with each other;the second abnormal zone is in the north margin of the structure mainly with free hydrocarbon anomaly;the third abnormal zone in the southeast corner of the structure is small with free methane anomaly.Based on carbon isotopic compositions,the surface geochemical anomalies of the structure should be derived from vertical microseepage of pyrolysed hydrocarbon in deep stratum.

OVERCOME INERTIAL THINKING IN HYDROCARBON EXPLORATION

Di Lingjun

2001, 22(3):  284-286.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010324

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There are practical obstacle and thinking obstacle in hydrocarbon exploration.The first one is caused by incomplete geological records and the difficulty in geological process simulation;the second one is caused by subjective inertial thinking of the research workers.Both of them are bound to having effect on the revealment of hydrocarbon preservation regularity and the improvement of hydrocarbon exploation process.It is true that every breakthrough in oil and gas exploration is associated with theoretical and technological development.This indicates that petroleum geologists must overcome inertial thinking,use creative thinking in oil and gas exploration.