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Table of Content

    25 October 2009, Volume 30 Issue 5
    Carbon isotope features of alkane gases in the coal measures of the Xujiahe Formation in the Sichuan Basin and their significance to gas-source correlation
    Dai Jinxing, Ni Yunyan, Zou Caineng, Tao Shizhen, Hu Guoyi, Hu Anping, Yang Chun, Tao Xiaowan
    2009, 30(5):  519-529.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090501
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    The coal measures in the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Sichuan Basin are coal-bearing continental strata.Its first,third,and fifth members are dominated by dark mudstone and coal and are gas source rocks.The kerogen of the mudstone are mainly of type Ⅱand Ⅲ with an average TOC of 1.96%.They are mature in the central Sichuan Basin and are highly mature in the western Sichuan Basin.Since the organic matter of source rocks are dominated by huminite,the source rocks are gas prone and the gas generated only contains minor light oil or condensate.The second,fourth and sixth members consist mainly of sandstone.There are three sets of source-reservoir-caprock combinations,resulting in many indigenous coal-derived gas fields.The gas reserves discovered in the Xujiahe Formation is only next to that in the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation.The Guangan gas field,the second largest gas field in the basin,produce gas from the Xujiahe Formation.The carbon isotope of the coal-derived gas have the following features:1) most of them are positive carbon isotopes(i.e.,δ13C113C213C313C4),2) its δ13C2 value is between-20.7‰--28.3‰,the heaviest among that of the 9 gas pays in the whole basin,3) there are lighter δ13C1 in central Sichuan Basin with the lowest value of-43.0‰.A few gas reservoirs sourced from oil-prone kerogens had been discovered in eastern and southern Sichuan Basin,where the Xujiahe Formation thins out.These reservoirs have light carbon isotopes(typically lighter than-30‰,and in extreme cases as light as-36.3‰) and can be easily distinguished from coal-derived gases.

    Tectonic framework and basin evolution in Northeast China
    Zhou Jianbo, Zhang Xingzhou, Ma Zhihong, Liu Li, Jin Wei, Zhang Meisheng, Wang Chengwen, Chi Xiaoguo
    2009, 30(5):  530-538.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090502
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    The Northeast China is not a Hercynian folded metamorphic belt(or orogenic belt),but a compound terrain pieced together after the Early Carboniferous.We name it "Jiamusi-Xingmeng Terrain".The Upper Paleozoic is not the crystalline basement for Meso-Cenozoic basins in Northeast China,but marine and continental sedimentary cover of para-caprock nature.The Late-Paleozoic marine sequences have well-developed dark mudstones and carbonates,which is the evidence for hydrocarbon potential.These sequences are important new targets for exploring oil and gas in Northeast China.We propose that the Meso-Cenozoic basins in Northeast China could be divided into three basin groups-the west,the middle and the east separated by the Jiayin-Mudanjiang fault and the Nenjiang-Kailu fault.The genetic type,characteristics of petroleum geology and the temporal and spatial evolution pattern of each basin are also discussed in this paper.

    Sequence styles and hydrocarbon accumulation effects of carbonate rock platform in the Changxing-Feixianguan formations in the northeastern Sichuan Basin
    Chen Hongde, Zhong Yijiang, Hou Mingcai, Lin Liangbiao, Dong Guiyu, Liu Jiahong
    2009, 30(5):  539-547.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090503
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    The Changxing and Feixianguan formations in northeastern Sichuan Basin can both be divided into two type-Ⅱ sequences:PSQ1,PSQ2,TSQ1 and TSQ2.The TSQ2 sequence can be subdivided into TST,EHST and LHST,and the rest can be divided into TST and HST.Controlled by fossil fractures,during Changxing-Feixianguan period,unique sedimentary pattern of platform alternating with basin and shoal alternating with topographic low occurred in the carbonate rock platform in northeastern Sichuan Basin.The fossil fractures and relative sea-level changes influenced the productivity and type of carbonate by controlling sedimentary pattern and water energy change,and further influenced the sequence structures of carbonate rocks.Hydrocarbon pooling elements developed in the sequence structure constitute the integrated source-reservoir-caprock assemblages of reef and shoal gas reservoirs in northeastern Sichuan Basin.

    Controlling factors for massive accumulation of natural gas in the Xujiahe Formation in central Sichuan Basin
    Bian Congsheng, Wang Hongjun, Wang Zecheng, Li Yongxin, Zhu Rukai, Liu Liuhong
    2009, 30(5):  548-555,565.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090504
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    The Triassic Xujiahe Formation(T3χ) in central Sichuan Basin features in interbeded sandstone and mudstone and extensive distribution.Many gas fields(e.g.,Guang'an,Hechuan and Bajiaochang) and gas-bearing structures(e.g.,Chongxi) have been found in this formation.Horizontally,this gas-bearing combination is distributed in different structural zones;vertically,it has many alternating intervals of reservoirs.These reservoirs have similar pooling settings,but they are separated from each other with no communication.According to the analyses of geological features for gas accumulation in T3χ,the main factors controlling massive gas accumulation are considered as the followings:1)development of alternating coal bed and sandstone combinations in a large open shallow-water lacustrine basin under gentle structural settings;2)the wide distribution of quality re-servoirs under the joint control of paleotectonics,sedimentary micro-facies and fractures in the Indo-Chinese epoch;3)overall uplifting of the Sichuan Basin at the end of the Cretaceous,gas expulsion through expansion,and reservoir compartmentalization.

    The Late Triassic transition from marine carbonate rock to clastics in the western Sichuan Basin
    Liu Shugen, Yang Rongjun, Wu Xichun, Sun Wei, Chen Yang
    2009, 30(5):  556-565.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090505
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    Based on study of the features of distribution,lithofacies and palaeontology of the Upper Triassic Maantang Fm.and its bioherm as well as their provenience,this paper suggests that the distribution area and extinction of the bioherms in the Maantang Fm.be controlled by the Late Triassic transition from marine carbonates to marine clastics.The clastics of the marine strata in western Sichuan Basin were mainly sourced from the northern Qinlin area.The clastic input beginning in the Carnian increased in amount progressively and spread from north to south.It is indicated that the formation and uplifting of Longmen Mountain is a progressive process from north to south and is controlled by the formation and evolution of Qinling orogenic zone.The transition is critical to the structural evolution of the superimposed Sichuan Basin and constrained the development of marine source rocks in the Maantang Fm and the development sequence of the bioherms.The Maantang Fm is worthy of further exploration as high energy reefs might have developed in areas near the central Sichuan Basin.

    Reservoir characteristics and formation mechanism of the high quality Cambrian reservoirs in Sichuan Basin
    Huang Wenming, Liu Shugen, Zhang Changjun, Wang Guozhi, Xu Guosheng, Yong Ziquan, Ma Wenxin
    2009, 30(5):  566-575.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090506
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    Based on core observation,thin section identification,geochemical analysis and analysis of inside geode fluid-filling sequence,this paper tries to discuss the formation mechanism of the high quality Cambrian reservoirs in Sichuan Basin.The following results are obtained:shoal facies tract is the foundation of high quality reservoir;gypsum dissolution,fresh-water karstification and meteoric water filtration and dissolution at the early diagenetic stage are the chief mechanisms of the pre-existing vugs in the Cambrian;dissolution of extraneous corrosive fluids in the process of deep burial is the persistent driving force of enlargement of the pre-existing vugs and the formation of new vugs;favorable tectonic position and weak fluid reaction are the prerequisite to the preservation of the pre-existing vugs.

    Tectonic intersection relationship between Dabashan and Micangshan in Zhenba area,southern Shaanxi Province
    Pei Xianzhi, Li Ruibao, Ding Saping, Liu Zhanqing, Li Zuochen, Feng Jianyun, Sun Yu, Zhang Yafeng
    2009, 30(5):  576-583.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090507
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    Typical superimposed fold structure occurs in the Zhengba region,southern Shaanxi Province,where the Micangshan and Dabashan structures intersect with each other.The nearly EW-NEE trending fold structures in Micangshan area and the nearly SN-NNE trending closed fold structures in Dabashan area are in traverse superimposition.The superimposed folds developed in the Sishang area show that the early E-W trending folds were superimposed and deformed by the late S-N trending folds,resulting in the nearly S-N occurrence of the regional strata.These folds were developed during J3-K1.However,the folding and deformation of the Micangshan area happened in the Late Jurassic(J3),a little earlier than that of the Zhenba area(the west segment of the sou-thern Dabashan Mountain),which happened during the Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous(J3/K1).The intersection and deformation of Dabashan and Micangshan were resulted from superimposition of different tectonic systems during the Yanshanian intracontinental orogeny on the basis of the Indosinian collision orogeny.

    Migration of the Late Triassic-Jurassic depocenter and paleocurrent direction in the Dabashan foreland basin
    Qu Hongjun, Ma Qiang, Dong Yunpeng, Lei Lu, Zha Xianfeng, Xu Ziyan
    2009, 30(5):  584-588,634.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090508
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    In the Late Triassic,the western Sichuan Basin was the primary depocenter in the northern part of the upper Yangtze area.Meanwhile,a secondary depocenter took shape in the area between Daxian and Wanyuan in front of Dabashan Mountain,indicating the initial subsidence of the Dabashan foreland basin in the Late Triassic.During the Early Jurassic to the early of Middle Jurassic,the depocenter in the northern part of the upper Yangtze area moved eastward to the front of the Dabashan Mountain.At that time,there were two co-existing depocenters with their depositional thickness not too big.In the middle and late of Middle Jurassic,the two depocenters shifted northward to Dabashan Mountain with great thickness of sedimentary formation,indicating dramatic subsidence of the foreland basin.In the Late Jurassic,the two depocenters migrated eastward and westward respectively with considerable difference in sedimentation and relatively bigger thickness,revealing the continuous and stable subsidence of the foreland basin.

    Tectonic-pooling cycles controlled by polycyclic tectonism in the Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine strata of South China
    Mei Lianfu, Liu Zhaoqian, Tang Jiguang, Shen Chuanbo, Fan Yuanfang
    2009, 30(5):  589-597,607.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090509
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    China's superimposed basins and relic basins feature in complex transformation of tectonic frameworks and multiple cyclicity.The evolution history of marine basins in Southern China represents a typical polycyclic movement.Their development and present status are characterized by basin superimposition and tectonic reworking.Based on the direct influences and key control of the tectonic dynamic differences and their temporal and spatial variations on hydrocarbon accumulation and its cyclicity in the marine strata in Southern China,the authors suggest that the hydrocarbon pooling in the polycyclic superimposed or relic basins in Southern China feature in "tectonic-pooling cyclicity".Based on correlation of tectonic cycles and hydrocarbon pooling cycles,hydrocarbon pooling in the Mesozoic-Palaeozoic marine strata can be divided into four tectonic-pooling cycles,namely the Caledonian,the late Indosinian-early Yanshan,the late Yanshan-early Himalayan and the late Himalayan cycles.Further study reveals that each tectonic-poolying cycle has its unique hydrocarbon accumulation and distribution controlled by its tectonic cycle.

    Diachronous and progressive deformation during the Indosinian-Yanshanian movements of the Xuefeng Mountain intracontinental composite tectonic system
    Jin Chong, Li Sanzhong, Wang Yuejun, Zhang Guowei, Liu Liping, Wang Jian
    2009, 30(5):  598-607.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090510
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    The distribution of angular unconformity and included angle between strata above and below the unconformity in the Triassic and Cretaceous in the Xuefeng Mountain intracontinental tectonic system are studied.Based on that,we identify the range of deformation during the Early(T1) and Middle Triassic(T2) and the boundary line between high-angle and low-angle unconformities.It is indicated that the deformation intensity in the study area decreases from east to west during T1-T2.Since the Late Triassic,tectonic movements have been featured by east-to-west diachronous and progressive deformation,which helps to define the boundary lines among each period of deformation.Propagation rates of diachronous deformation in each period are calculated.From these propagation rates,it is concluded that the direct causes for the westward progressive deformation during the Yanshanian period are the thinning of lithosphere and the upsurging of asthenosphere in the cathaysia and other plates,while the indirect cause is the subduction of the Paleo-Pacific Plate beneath the Eurasia Plate.Moreover,the decollement surfaces also play an important role in tectonic propagation during the Yanshanian period.

    A study on palaeo-geothermometer of high mature marine sequences in South China
    Qin Jianzhong, Li Zhiming, Teng Ge'er
    2009, 30(5):  608-618.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090511
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    An integrated study is carried out by analyzing sedimentary and evolution history of the Sichuan Basin and various thermal evolution analytical data(such as vitrinite reflectance) of 188 core samples from Puguang-5 and other wells in northeastern Sichuan Basin.The results show that:1) palaeogeothermal restored by using vitrinite reflectance(VRo) or equivalent bitumen reflectance(BRo) and illite crystallinity can be used as good palaeo-geothermometers.It represents the maximum temperature that the strata underwent during effective heating time.The VRo or equivalent BRo shows exponential increase with paleotemperature increasing.Moreover,they also relatively increase along with the increasing effective heating time;2) homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion is the most direct palaeo-geothermometer for determination of paleotemperature and timing of hydrocarbon accumulation.The highest homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion is consistent with the paleotemperature recovered from vitrinite reflectance.It represents the highest palaeotemperature,and is also an effective index for timing of hydrocarbon accumulation and reconstruction of thermal histories of various stages;3) the closure temperature of apatite and zircon(U-Th)/He can also be used as geothermometer.Combined with dating,it can be applied to restore the thermal history of basin forming and orogenesis;4) therefore,for high mature marine sequences,the maximum paleo-burial depth,palaeogeothermal and thermal history can be restored according to VRo or equivalent Bro,highest homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion,illite crystallinity and closure temperature of apatite and zircon(U-Th)/He combined with dating.

    Late Cretaceous lithospheric extension in the Nandan-Hechi tectonic zone of northern Guangxi Province and its influence on hydrocarbon accumulation conditions
    Luo Jinhai, Che Zicheng, Guo Anlin, Cheng Shunyou, Pei Xianzhi
    2009, 30(5):  619-625.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090512
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    Great amount of natural bitumen was developed in the Middle Devonian reef limestone of the Dachang giant polymetallic ore deposit in Nandan,Guangxi province.This reveals that there is a Dachang fossil oil pool here.The Chehe granite in the eastern part of the Dachang fossil oil pool belongs to peraluminous calc-alkalic rock series with high content of kalium.This type of granite,rich in light rare earth,is considered to originate both from the crust and mantle.It shows significant negative anomaly of Eu,and is rich in high field strength elements and large-ion lithophile elements.The weighted average age of(86.27?0.68)Ma is obtained through the U-Pb dating of laser probe plasma mass spectrum for zircon in granite.Combined with the analysis of regional geology,it is inferred that the Nandan-Hechi area experienced strong lithospheric extension in the mid-Late Cretaceous.On one hand,the diapirism of granitic magma under extensional setting caused denudation and destroyed the preservation conditions of the fossil pool.On the other hand,it increased the geothermal gradient and made the Paleozoic source rocks over mature.The strong and widely-spread lithospheric extension in the mid-Late Cretaceous made severe damage to the Paleozoic petroleum systems.Therefore,secondary oil/gas pools sealed by residual cap rocks should be the target for hydrocarbon exploration in the Paleozoic hydrocarbon systems of eastern Nanpanjiang Basin.

    Sequence stratigraphy analysis and lithologic-stratigraphic reservoir predication in deepwater faulted basins—an example from the Paleogene T Formation of the deepwater C Basin in South China Sea
    Chen Huanqing, Zhu Xiaomin, Dong Yanlei, Li Ye, Liao Feiyan
    2009, 30(5):  626-634.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090513
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    Guided by Vail's classical theory of sequence stratigraphy,the authors proposed to finely divide the Paleogene T Formation of the deepwater C Basin in South China Sea by tying wells in the shallow water area to the seismic sections in deepwater area.The results show that the proposed method works effectively in dealing with such problems as poor seismic data quality,lack of well data,complexities of faults,vague sequence boundaries caused by high temperature and high pressure,difficulties in stratigraphic tracing and correlation,and so on.By using the method,the authors also established fine three-dimensional isochronous stratigraphic sequence framework of the study area,divided the T Formation into four third-order sequences,and recognized seven kinds of sandbodies:braided deltas,fan deltas,incised valley,basin floor fan,turbidite fan,beach bar and shore sands.These sandbodies together with widely distributed mudstones of TST formed many lithologic-stratigraphic reservoirs in three kinds of accumulation mode:single fault,multiple fault,and slope.

    Structural style and hydrocarbon accumulation in the steep slope zone of faulted basin—an example from the western sag of the Liaohe Depression,the Bohai Bay Basin
    Mu Deliang, Meng Weigong, Li Cheng, Li Xiaoguang, Liu Jinyun, Wang Zhanzhong
    2009, 30(5):  635-642.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090514
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    Study of structural evolution,subsidence history,and fault activity intensity of the eastern steep slope zone of the western sag in the Liaohe Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin reveals three structural styles:1)positive inverse structure,2)extensional fault structure,and 3)buried-hill drape structure.The evolution history of the study area can also be divided into two types:the positive inverse evolution and extensional structural evolution.Study of subsidence history indicates a gradual subsidence from north to south.Quantitative calculation of the fault growth index shows various fault activity intensities in different parts of Taian-Dawa area with the strongest intensity in Dawa.The Well Zhaogu-1 in Dawa tested high oil and gas flows from the Archeaozoic buried-hill.It is therefore suggested that a study of fault evolvement and a further analysis of fracture distribution are the key to oil and gas discoveries in deep of buried-hill and provide clues to the exploration of buried-hill reservoirs near hydrocarbon kitchen in steep slope zones.

    Structural features and Lower Cretaceous exploration potentials of the Tanzhuang Sag in the southern part of the North China Basin
    Xie Qifeng, Zhou Lifa, He Mingxi, Yang Wenjing, Du Jianbo, Tian Guanghui
    2009, 30(5):  643-647.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090515
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    A thorough research of faulting features and structural types in the Tanzhuang Sag of the southern part of the North China Basin reveals that the Sag had developed more than 29 faults,of which the Yelv and the Shangshui are the southern and northern boundary faults of the Sag respectively and control the Sag and preservation of the Lower Cretaceous and Cenozoic there.The Sag contains four sets of source rocks with the Lower Cretaceous and Permo-carboniferous being the main source rocks and the Tertiary and Lower-Middle Jurassic being the potential source rocks.

    Controlling factors of cyclic sequence stratigraphy
    Wang Qicong
    2009, 30(5):  648-656.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090516
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    Cyclic sequence is a set of sedimentary formations with genetic relationship that are deposited in a cycle from prograding to retrograding,controlled by astronomical periods and bounded by maximum flooding surfaces.It records faithfully the shifting of astronomical periods.The article takes the Yanchang Formation in Well Sh99 from Ordos Basin for an example,discusses the signal decomposition and reconstruction of GR curve by using filtering DWT as well as spectrum analysis technique.The correspondent sedimentary cycle of each astronomical cycle is identified based on the relationship between master frequency ratios and astronomical frequency ratios.The cyclic sequences of the Yanchang Formation are identified with the Absdolute geologic age as constraints.The research shows that the division of cyclic sequence can be carried out reasonably and effectively with discrete wavelet transformation and spectrum analysis technique on the ground of the astronomical cycles.

    Dynamic monitoring of chromatographic fingerprint of reservoir fluids and its application
    Jin Xiaohui, Gang Wenzhe, Lin Renzi, Zhu Dan
    2009, 30(5):  657-661,667.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090517
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    The theoretical bases for dynamic monitoring of chromatographic fingerprint of reservoir fluids include:1) crude samples from the same oil layer have similar chromatographic fingerprints;2) crude samples from different oil layers have different chromatographic fingerprints;3) fingerprint compounds can be partitioned.The results of above-mentioned dynamic monitoring are key basis for adjustment of development plan and selection of EOR measures.A mathematical model for dynamic monitoring of chromatographic fingerprint was set up and applied to the X37-0 wellblock in an eastern oil field.The following calculation results are obtained.Pay zone NgⅡ3 contributes 88.98% and 86.09% to the total production of well Xi37-1 and well Xi38-1(both are in commingled production of NmⅢ3 and NgⅡ3) respectively,while NmⅢ3 contributes 11.02% and 13.91% respectively.Under the same experimental conditions,a "Mix 16" sample is prepared with samples from NmⅢ3 and NgⅡ3 according to a proportion of 85:15.Fingerprint parameters from Mix 16,the same as those from the measured samples,are recorded,analyzed and tested.It is proved that the model calculations are correct.

    Dissolution of aluminosilicate mineral in high-salinity formation water
    Chen Chuanping, Liu Jianping, Du Weigang
    2009, 30(5):  662-667.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090518
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    Experimental research on the dissolution of aluminosilicate mineral has been carried out by putting quartz and plagioclasite grains in sodium acetic solutions(0.05 mol/L) with different sodium chloride concentrations.The contents of several mineral elements in experimental solutions have been measured.The result indicates that the content of SiO2 in the solution with quartz grain reduces gradually with the increasing concentration of sodium chloride.It is therefore speculated that the dissolution of quartz reduce rapidly with the increase of salinity of formation water.In contrast,the dissolution of mineral elements in the solution with plagioclasite grain is different for metal ions with different electrovalences and shows various changing tendencies with the increa-sing concentration of sodium chloride in solution.The influences of various factors on dissolution rate,including inorganic ion activity in high-salinity brine and their common-ion effect,salt effect and chelating effect between anion and metal ion,have been studied and discussed.It is concluded that high concentration of sodium chloride is not favorable for the dissolution of silicon-oxygen tetrahedron and aluminium-oxygen tetrahedron.The commo-nion effect may slow down the preferential dissolution of alkali metal ions.While salt effect and chelating of inorganic anion Cl-may facilitate the dissolution of metal ions with high electrovalences.

    Research and application of detailed seismic prediction in fluvial reservoirs—an example from the palaeogene channel sand in the Jizhong Depression,the Bohai Bay Basin
    Cui Yongqian, Qin Fengqi, Lu Yonghe, Du Weiliang
    2009, 30(5):  668-672.  doi:10.11743/ogg20090519
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    Fluvial sandstone reservoirs are common in continental fault depressions.They are characterized by vertical alternating of sandstone and mudstone and lateral rapid change of lithofacies caused by frequent river diversion.These features lead to discrete seismic reflection.This,in addition to the limitation of seismic resolution,increases the difficulty of reservoir prediction.Taking the study area in the central Jizhong Depression of the Bohai Bay Basin as an example,we studied fine seismic interpretation based on accurate horizon calibration and isochronous stratigraphic correlation.Based on that,we optimized extraction of seismic attributes and built up 3D visualization model.Frequency tuning for thin layers was performed and the results of frequency division were used to predict river channel distribution in plane.We also set up rational geological models and performed pseudo-sonic inversion with optimized parameters to obtain high-precise reservoir prediction results.