“化学-沉积相”分析：一种研究细粒沉积岩的有效方法

doi:10.11743/ogg20190305

Abstract

Abstract: Fine-grained sedimentary rocks,a key rock type bearing shale oil and gas,are characterized by fine grain size,colour uniformity and strong heterogeneity.Traditional sedimentological study based on visual observation and optical images alone becomes inadequate to precisely characterize such fine-grained rocks.Therefore,a "chemo-sedimentary facies" model for analyzing fine core-scale samples is established based on the high-resolution(down to 30 μm measurement intervals) 2D inorganic geochemical element mapping of rock slabs obtained by in-situ XRF scanning and optical images.Through the model,it is possible to unambiguously recognize the rock compositions and sedimentary fabrics.And then certain environment-sensitive elemental parameters(ratios) can be calculated in situ from individual chemo-sedimentary facies at millimeter-centimeter scales for the effective interpretation of depositional environment and provenance of fine-grained sediments,as well as their origin.Meanwhile,the method also avoids information interference in the conventional bulk compositional analyses whereby homogenized sample powders are often used.In conclusion,the method can help to establish more fine-scale sedimentary facies models and to provide reliable data for the exploration and development of tight and shale oil & gas.

Key words: 2D-XRF scanning, nonorganic geochemical element, chemo-sedimentary facies, fine-grained sedimentary rock, depositional environment, shale oil, shale gas, Lucaogou Formation, Jimusaer sag

CLC Number:

TE112

Liu Keyu, Liu Chang. “Chemo-sedimentary facies” analysis: An effective method to study fine-grained sedimentary rocks[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2019, 40(3): 491-503.

References

[1] 贾承造,郑民,张永峰.中国非常规油气资源与勘探开发前景[J].石油勘探与开发,2012,39(2):129-136. Jia Chengzao,Zheng Min,Zhang Yongfeng.Unconventional hydrocarbon resources in China and the prospect of exploration and development[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2012,39(2):129-136.
[2] 邹才能,杨智,张国生,等.常规-非常规油气"有序聚集"理论认识及实践意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(1):14-27. Zou Caineng,Yang Zhi,Zhang Guosheng,et al.Conventional and unconventional petroleum"orderly accumulation":Concept and practical significance[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(1):14-27.
[3] 贾承造.论非常规油气对经典石油天然气地质学理论的突破及意义[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):1-11. Jia Chengzao.Breakthrough and significance of unconventional oil and gas to classical petroleum geological theory[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(1):1-11.
[4] BP.Statistical review of world energy[EB/OL].[2013-03-01].http://www.bp.com/statistics.
[5] USGS World Petroleum Assessment[EB/OL,2013-03-01].http://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-060.
[6] Zou Caineng,Jin Xu,Zhu Rukai,et al.Do shale pore throats have a threshold diameter for oil storage?[J].Scientific Reports,2015,5:1-6.
[7] 邱中建,邓松涛.中国油气勘探的新思维[J].石油学报,2012,33(增1):1-5. Qiu Zhongjian,Deng Shongtao.New thinking of oil-gas exploration in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(Supp.I):1-5.
[8] 贾承造,邹才能,李建忠,等.中国致密油评价标准、主要类型、基本特征及资源前景[J].石油学报,2012,33(3):343-350. Jia Chengzao,Zou Caineng,Li Jianzhong,et al.Assessment criteria,main types,basic features A and resources prospects of the tight oil in China[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2012,33(3):343-350.
[9] 贾承造,郑民,张永峰.非常规油气地质学重要理论问题[J].石油学报,2014,35(1):1-10. Jia Chengzao,Zheng Min,Zhang Yongfeng.Four important theoretical issues of unconventional petroleum geology[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2014,35(1):1-10.
[10] 杨华,梁晓伟,牛小兵,等.陆相致密油形成地质条件及富集主控因素:以鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组7段为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2017,44(1):12-20. Yang Hua,Liang Xiaowei,Niu Xiaobing,et al.Geological conditions for continental tight oil formation and the main controlling factors for enrichment:A case from the Chang-7 Member,Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2017,44(1):12-20.
[11] Aplin C A,Macquaker H S I.Mudstone diversity:Origin and implications for source,seal,and reservoir properties in petroleum systems[J].AAPG Bulletin,2011,95(12):2031-2059.
[12] Macquaker J H S,Adams A E.Maximizing information from fine-grained sedimentary rocks:An inclusive nomenclature for mudstones[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2003,73(3):735-744.
[13] Schieber J,Zimmerle W.The history and promise of shale research[C]//Schieber J,Zimmerle W,Sethi P.Shale and Mudstones(Vol.1):Basin Studies,Sedimentology and Paleontology[M].Stuttgart:Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung,1998:1-10.
[14] 姜在兴,梁超,吴靖,等.含油气细粒沉积岩研究的几个问题[J].石油学报,2013,34(6):1031-1039. Jiang Zaixing,Liang Chao,Wu Jing,et al.Several issues in sedimentological studies on hydrocarbon-bearing fine-grained sedimentary rocks[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2013,34(6):1031-1039.
[15] Baldwin B,Butler C O.Compaction curves[J].AAPG Bulletin,1985,69:622-626.
[16] 郭秋麟,陈晓明,宋焕琪,等.泥页岩埋藏过程孔隙度演化与预测模型探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2013,24(3):439-449. Guo Qiulin,Chen Xiaoming,Song Huanqi,et al.Evolution and models of shale porosity during burial process[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2013,24(3):439-449.
[17] 李婷婷,朱如凯,白斌,等.酒泉盆地青西凹陷下沟组湖相细粒沉积岩纹层特征及研究意义[J].中国石油勘探,2015,21(1):39-47. Li Tingting,Zhu Rukai,Bai Bin,et al.Characteristics and research significance of fine lacustrine sedimentary rock laminations of the Xiagou Formation in the Qingxi Depression of the Jiuquan Basin[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2015,21(1):39-47.
[18] Ackleson S,Balch W M,Holligan P M.1988.White waters of the gulf of maine[J].Oceanography,11:18-22.
[19] 王冠民,钟建华.湖泊纹层的沉积机理研究评述与展望[J].岩石矿物学杂志,2004,24(3):43-48. Wang Guanmin,Zhong Jianhua.A review and the prospects of the researches on sedimentary mechanism of lacustrine laminae[J].Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica,2004,24(3):43-48.
[20] Haschk M.The Eagle Ⅲ BKA system,a novel sediment core X-ray fluorescence analyser with very high spatial resolution[M].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2006,267:31-37.
[21] Weltje G J,Tjallingii R.Calibration of XRF core scanners for quantitative geochemical logging of sediment cores:Theory and application[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2008,27(3-4):423-438.
[22] Rothwell R G,Rack F R.New techniques in sediment core analysis:An introduction[M].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2006:1-29.
[23] 邹才能,陶士振,侯连华,等.非常规油气地质[M].2版.北京:地质出版社,2013:188-196. Zou Caineng,Tao Shizhen,Hou Lianhua,et al.Unconventional hydrocarbon geology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2013:188-196.
[24] 粉晶X射线物相分析[M].北京:地质出版社,1980. X-ray phase analysis of powder crystal[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,1980.
[25] 吉昂,陶光仪,卓尚军,等.X射线荧光光谱分析[M].北京:地质出版社,2003:155-165. Ji Ang,Tao Guangyi Zhuo Shangjun,et al.X-ray fluorescence spectrometry[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2003:155-165.
[26] 张保科,温宏利,王蕾,等.封闭压力酸溶-盐酸提取-电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定地质样品中的多元素[J].岩矿测试,2011,30(6):737-744. Zhang Baoke,Wen Hongli,Wang Lei,et al.Quantification of multi elements in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry with pressurized decomposition hydrochloric acid extraction[J].Rock and Mineral Analysis,2011,30(6):737-744.
[27] Picard M D.Classification of fine-grained sedimentary rocks[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1971,41(1):179-195.
[28] Loucks R G,Ruppel S C.Mississippian Barnett Shale:Lithofacies and depositional setting of a deep-water shale-gas succession in the Fort Worth Basin,Texas[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):579-601.
[29] Macquaker J H S,Taylor K G,Gawthorpe R L.High-resolution facies analyses of mudstones:Implications for paleoenvironmental and sequence stratigraphic interpretations of offshore ancient mud-dominated successions[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2007,77(4):324-339.
[30] Trabuchoalexandre J,Dirkx R,Veld H,et al.Toarcian black shales in the Dutch Central Graben:Record of energetic,variable depositional conditions during an oceanic anoxic event[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,2012,82(3-4):104-120.
[31] 王志峰,张元福,梁雪莉,等.四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组不同水动力成因页岩岩相特征[J].石油学报,2014,35(4):623-632. Wang Zhifeng,Zhang Yuanfu,Liang Xueli,et al.Characteristics of shale lithofacies formed under different hydrodynamic conditions in the Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation,Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrelei Sinica,2014,35(4):623-632.
[32] 蒋裕强,宋益滔,漆麟,等.中国海相页岩岩相精细划分及测井预测:以四川盆地南部威远地区龙马溪组为例[J].地学前缘,2016,23(1):107-118. Jiang Yuqiang,Song Yitao,Qi Lin,et al.Fine lithofacies of China marine shale and its logging prediction:A case study of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Marine Shale in Weiyuan area,Southern Sichuan Basin,China[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2016,23(1):107-118.
[33] 张少敏,操应长,朱如凯,等.雅布赖盆地小湖次凹细粒沉积岩岩相特征与沉积环境探讨[J].天然气地球科学,2016,27(2):309-319. Zhang Shaomin,Cao Yingchang,Zhu Rukai,et al.The lithofacies and depositional environment of fine-grained sedimentary rocks of Xiaohu Subsag in Yabulai Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2016,27(2):309-319.
[34] 张顺,陈世悦,蒲秀刚,等.断陷湖盆细粒沉积岩岩相类型及储层特征——以东营凹陷沙河街组和沧东凹陷孔店组为例[J].中国矿业大学学报,2016,45(3):568-581. Zhang Shun,Chen Shiyue,Pu Xiugang,et al.Lithofacies types and reservoir characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in Paleogene,southern Bohai fault-depressed lacustrine basin[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2016,45(3):568-581.
[35] 鄢继华,邓远,蒲秀刚,等.渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段细粒混合沉积岩特征及控制因素[J].石油与天然气地质,2017,38(1):98-109. Yan Jihua,Deng Yuan,Pu Xiugang,et al.Characteristics and controlling factors of fine-grained mixed sedimentary rocks from the 2^nd Member of Kongdian Formation in the Cangdong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2017,38(1):98-109.
[36] Wang G C,Carr T R,Methodology of organic-rich shale lithofacies identification and prediction:A case study from Marcellus Shale in the Appalachian basin[J],Computers & Geosciences,2012,49:151-163.
[37] 杨万芹,王学军,丁桔红,等.渤南洼陷细粒沉积岩岩相发育特征及控制因素[J].中国矿业大学学报,2017,46(2):365-374. Yang Wanqin,Wang Xuejun,Ding Juhong,et al.Characteristics and control factors of fine-grained sedimentary rock lithofacies in Bonan subsag[J].Journal of China University of Mining & Technology,2017,46(2):365-374.
[38] 吴靖,姜在兴,梁超.东营凹陷沙河街组四段上亚段细粒沉积岩岩相特征及与沉积环境的关系[J].石油学报,2017,38(10):1110-1122. Wu Jing,Jiang Zaixing,Liang Chao.Lithofacies characteristics of fine-grained sedimentary rocks in the upper submember of Member 4 of Shahejie Formation,Dongying sag and their relationship with sedimentary environment[J].Acta Petrelei Sinica,2017,38(10):1110-1122.
[39] 袁选俊,林森虎,刘群,等.湖盆细粒沉积特征与富有机质页岩分布模式:以鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7油层组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2015,42(1):34-43. Yuan Xuanjun,Lin Senhu,Liu Qun,et al.Lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary features and organic-rich shale distribution pattern:A case study of the Chang-7 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2015,42(1):34-43.
[40] 赵贤正,蒲秀刚,韩文中,等.细粒沉积岩性识别新方法与储集层甜点分析:以渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔店组二段为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2016,43(1):24-33. Zhao Xianzheng,Pu Xiugang,Han Wenzhong,et al.A new method for lithology identification of fine grained deposits and reservoir sweet spot analysis:A case study of the Kong-2 Member in the Cangdong sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2016,43(1):24-33.
[41] Lemons D R,Chan M A.Facies architecture and sequence stratigraphy of fine-grained lacustrine deltas along the eastern margin of late Pleistocene Lake Bonneville,northern Utah and southern Idaho[J].AAPG Bulletin,1999,83(4):635-665.
[42] Barclay S A,Worden,R H.Effects of reservoir wettability on quartz cementation in oil fields[M].International Association of Sedimentologists,Special Publication,2000,29:103-117.
[43] Buckley J S.Effective wettability of minerals exposed to crude oil[J].Current Opinion in Colloid & Interface Science,2001,6:191-196.
[44] Chong K K,Grieser W V,Passman A,et al.A completions guide book to shale-play development:A review of successful approaches towards shale-play stimulation in the last two decades[C]//Proceedings of Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference.Calgary,Alberta,Canada:CSUG/SPE,2010.
[45] Jarvie D M,Hill R J,Ruble T E,et al.Unconventional shale-gas systems:The Mississippian Barnett shale of north-central Texas as one model for thermogenic shale-gas assessment[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):475-499.
[46] 唐颖,邢云,李乐忠,等.页岩储层可压裂性影响因素及评价方法[J].地学前缘,2012,19(5):356-363. Tang Ying,Xing Yun,Li Lezhong,et al.Influence factors and evaluation methods of the gas shale fracablity[J].Earth Science Frontiers,2012,19(5):356-363.
[47] Sondergeld C H,Newsham K E,Rice M C,et al.Petrophysical considerations in evaluating and producing shale gas resources[J]//SPE Unconventional Gas Conference.Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania,USA:SPE,2010.
[48] Slatt R M,Abousleiman Y.Multi-scale,brittle-ductile couplets in unconventional gas shales:Merging sequence stratigraphy and geomechanics[C].AAPG Annual Convention and Exhibition.Houston,Texas,USA:AAPG,2011.
[49] Nelson R A.Geologic analysis of naturally fractured eeservoirs:Contributions in petroleum geology and engineering[M].Houston:Gulf Publishing Company,1985:320 pp.
[50] 杜金虎,杨华,徐春春,等.关于中国页岩气勘探开发工作的思考[J].天然气工业,2011,31(5):6-8. Du Jinhu,Yang Hua,Xu Chunchun,et al.A discussion on shale gas exploration and development in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2011,31(5):6-8.
[51] 康玉柱.中国非常规泥页岩油气藏特征及勘探前景展望[J].天然气工业,2012,32(4):1-5. Kang Yuzhu.Characteristics and exploration prospect of unconventional shale gas reservoirs in China[J].Natural Gas Industry,2012,32(4):1-5.
[52] 郝运轻,宋国奇,周广清,等.济阳坳陷古近系泥页岩岩石学特征对可压性的影响[J].石油实验地质,2016,38(4):489-495. Hao Yunqing,Song Guoqi,Zhou Guangqing,et al.Influence of petrological characteristics on fracability of the Paleogene shale,Jiyang Depression[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2016,38(4):489-495.
[53] Angel D L.Carbon flow within the colonial radiolarian microcosm[J].Symbiosis,1991,10(1-3):195-271.
[54] Dennett M R,Caron D A,Michaels A F,et al.Video plankton recorder reveals high abundances of colonial radiolarian surface waters of the central North Pacific[J].Journal of Plankton Research,2002,24(8):797-805.
[55] 赵建华,金之钧,金振奎,等.四川盆地五峰组-龙马溪组含气页岩中石英成因研究[J].天然气地球科学,2016,27(2):377-386. Zhao Jianhua,Jin Zhijun,Jin Zhenkui,et al.The genesis of quartz in Wufeng-Longmaxi gas shales,Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2016,27(2):377-386.
[56] Stow D A V,Huc A Y,Bertrand P.Depositional processes of black shales in deep water[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2001,18(4):491-498.
[57] 薛叔浩,刘雯林,薛良清,等.湖盆沉积地质与油气勘探[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2002. Xue Shuhao,Liu Wenlin,Xue Liangqing,et al.Sedimentary geology and oil exploration in lacustrine basin[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2002.
[58] 冯增昭.中国沉积学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,2013:706-811. Feng Zengzhao.Chinese Sedimentology[M].Beijing:Geological Publishing House,2013:706-811.
[59] Rowe H,Hughes N,Krystin R K.The quantification and application of handheld energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence(ED-XRF)in mudrock chemostratigraphy and geochemistry[J].Chemical Geology,2012,324-325:122-131.
[60] Arthur M A,Dean W E.A holistic geochemical approach to cyclomania examples from Cretaceous pelagic limestone sequences[C]//Einsele G,Ricken W,Seilacher A.Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy.Berlin:Springer Verlag,1991:126-166.
[61] Norman M D,De Deckker P.Trace metals in lacustrine and marine sediments:A case study from the Gulf of Carpentaria,northern Australia[J].Chemical Geology,1990,82:299-318.
[62] 邓宏文,钱凯.沉积地球化学与环境分析[M].兰州:甘肃科学技术出版社,1993:4-28. Deng Hongwen,Qian Kai.Chinese sedimentology[M].Lanzhou:Gansu Science & Technology Press,1993:4-28.
[63] Algeo T J,Maynard J B.Trace-element behavior and redox facies in core shales of Upper Pennsylvanian Kansas-type cyclothems[J].Chemical Geology,2004,206:289-318.
[64] Tribovillard N,Riboulleau A,Lyons T,et al.Enhance trapping of molybdenum by sulfurized organic matter of marine origin as recorded by various Mesozoic formations[J].Chemical Geology,2004,213:288-295.
[65] 刘刚,周东升.微量元素分析在判别沉积环境中的应用:以江汉盆地潜江组为例[J].石油实验地质,2007,29(3):307-314. Liu Gang,Zhou Dong-sheng,et al.Application of microelement analysis in identifying sedimentary environment:Taking Qian Jiang Formation in the Jianghan Basin as an example[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2007,29(3):307-314.
[66] Dill H,Teschner M,Wehner H.Petrography inorganic and organic geochemistry of Lower Permian carbonaceous fan sequences("Brand-Schiefer Series")-Federal Republic of Germany:Constraints to their palaeogeography and assessment of their source rock potential[J].Chemical Geology,1988,67:307-325.

“Chemo-sedimentary facies” analysis: An effective method to study fine-grained sedimentary rocks

PDF (PC)

Knowledge

Abstract

Cite this article

share this article

References

Related Articles 15

Recommended Articles

Metrics

[1]	Huimin LIU, Youshu BAO, Maowen LI, Zheng LI, Lianbo WU, Rifang ZHU, Dayang WANG, Xin WANG. Geochemical parameters for evaluating shale oil enrichment and mobility： A case study of shales in the Bakken Formation， Williston Basin and the Shahejie Formation， Jiyang Depression [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 622-636.
[2]	Xiugang PU, Jiangchang DONG, Gongquan CHAI, Shunyao SONG, Zhannan SHI, Wenzhong HAN, Wei ZHANG, Delu XIE. Enrichment model of high-abundance organic matter in shales in the 2^nd member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation， Cangdong Sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 696-709.
[3]	Rui FANG, Yuqiang JIANG, Changcheng YANG, Haibo DENG, Chan JIANG, Haitao HONG, Song TANG, Yifan GU, Xun ZHU, Shasha SUN, Guangyin CAI. Occurrence states and mobility of shale oil in different lithologic assemblages in the Jurassic Lianggaoshan Formation， Sichuan Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 752-769.
[4]	Jun LI, Youlong ZOU, Jing LU. Well-log-based assessment of movable oil content in lacustrine shale oil reservoirs： A case study of the 2^nd member of the Paleogene Funing Formation， Subei Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 816-826.
[5]	Xiaoyu DU, Zhijun JIN, Lianbo ZENG, Guoping LIU, Sen YANG, Xinping LIANG, Guoqing LU. Evaluation of natural fracture effectiveness in deep lacustrine shale oil reservoirs based on formation microresistivity imaging logs [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 852-865.
[6]	Caineng ZOU, Dazhong DONG, Wei XIONG, Guoyou FU, Qun ZHAO, Wen LIU, Weiliang KONG, Qin ZHANG, Guangyin CAI, Yuman WANG, Feng LIANG, Hanlin LIU, Zhen QIU. Advances， challenges， and countermeasures in shale gas exploration of underexplored plays， sequences and new types in China [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(2): 309-326.
[7]	Zhe ZHAO, Bin BAI, Chang LIU, Lan WANG, Haiyan ZHOU, Yuxi LIU. Current status， advances， and prospects of CNPC’s exploration of onshore moderately to highly mature shale oil reservoirs [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(2): 327-340.
[8]	Xiao HE, Maja ZHENG, Yong LIU, Qun ZHAO, Xuewen Shi, Zhenxue Jiang, Wei WU, Ya WU, Shitan NING, Xianglu TANG, Dadong LIU. Characteristics and differential origin of Qiongzhusi Formation shale reservoirs under the “aulacogen-uplift” tectonic setting， Sichuan Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(2): 420-439.
[9]	Hequn GAO, Yuqiao GAO, Xipeng HE, Jun NIE. Rock mechanical properties and controlling factors for shale oil reservoirs in the second member of the Paleogene Funing Formation， Subei Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(2): 502-515.
[10]	Yi ZHANG, Bin ZHANG, Banghua LIU, Jie LIU, Qiansheng WEI, Qi ZHANG, Hongjun LU, Pengyu ZHU, Rui WANG. Status quo and development trends of research on shale gas adsorption and seepage in shale gas reservoirs [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(1): 256-280.
[11]	Xusheng GUO, Xiaoxiao MA, Maowen LI, Menhui QIAN, Zongquan HU. Mechanisms for lacustrine shale oil enrichment in Chinese sedimentary basins [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1333-1349.
[12]	Longde SUN, Xiaojun WANG, Zihui FENG, Hongmei SHAO, Huasen ZENG, Bo GAO, Hang JIANG. Formation mechanisms of nano-scale pores/fissures and shale oil enrichment characteristics for Gulong shale， Songliao Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1350-1365.
[13]	Lijun MI, Jianyong XU, Wei LI. Shale oil resource potential in the Bohai Sea area [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1366-1377.
[14]	Guangfu WANG, Fengxia LI, Haibo WANG, Tong ZHOU, Yaxiong ZHANG, Ruyue WANG, Ning LI, Yuxin CHEN, Xiaofei XIONG. Difficulties and countermeasures for fracturing of various shale gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1378-1392.
[15]	Huimin LIU, Zheng LI, Youshu BAO, Shouchun ZHANG, Weiqing WANG, Lianbo WU, Yong WANG, Rifang ZHU, Zhengwei FANG, Shun ZHANG, Peng LIU, Min WANG. Geology of shales in prolific shale-oil well BYP5 in the Jiyang Depression， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1405-1417.