前寒武纪—早古生代沉积岩显微组分分类、成因及演化

doi:10.11743/ogg20230502

Abstract

Abstract:

This study delves into the intricate organic macerals found in ancient Precambrian-Eopaleozoic sedimentary rocks， despite their simple biotic sources. Based on the observation and analysis of a vast array of naturally- and artificially-matured rock samples from domestic and international locations， we classify the macerals according to four dominant factors， namely biogenesis， origin， sedimentary transformation， and thermal maturation. The key classe determined include vitrinite-like macerals， sapropelinites， solid bitumen， zooclasts， and inertinites. The macerals in low-maturity marine source rocks are chiefly composed of lamalginite， bituminite， and mineral-bituminous matrix. In contrast， high- to over-mature marine source rocks predominantly contain in-source solid bitumens. Notably， graptolite periderms， as significant components of organic matter， are prevalent in the shales of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations. We provide deeper insights into the origins of the most typical macerals prone to be overlooked previously， including vitrinite-like maceral particles and in-source solid bitumens. The vitrinite-like maceral particles in the Precambrian rock samples may arise from the microbial degradation of lower aquatic organisms during early diagenesis. In-source solid bitumens form either as solid residues arising from the cracking of soluble organic matter that remained within source rocks after primary migration or as solid-phase products during the thermal evolution of the residual kerogen of sapropelinites after absorbing and assimilating soluble organic matter. Lastly， as indicated by integrated research on the naturally- and artificially-matured rock samples， the preexisting organic matter in high to over mature Precambrian， Cambrian， and Ordovician-Silurian graptolite-bearing shales in China resemble the present-day organic matter in the Mesoproterozoic Xiamaling Formation， Cambrian Alum Shale Formation， and Ordovician graptolite-bearing Alum Shale Formation， respectively. The reflectance of graptolite periderms， vitrinite-like maceral particles， and in-source solid bitumens can be utilized to characterize the thermal maturity of organic matter in the Precambrian-Eopaleozoic marine source rocks.

Key words: in-source solid bitumens, graptolite epidermis, maceral, pre-Devonian, organic petrology, marine source rock, shale

CLC Number:

TE121.3

Qingyong LUO, Ningning ZHONG, Meijun LI, Jin WU, Imran Khan, Ye ZHANG, Qing CHEN, Xiangzhong YE, Wenhao LI, Wenming JI, Anji LIU, Jingyue HAO, Lipeng YAO, Jia WU. Classification， origins， and evolution of macerals in the Precambrian-Eopaleozoic sedimentary rocks[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(5): 1084-1101.

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组	组分	成因
类镜质组	类镜质组颗粒	还原环境下，低等水生生物遭受强烈的微生物降解
腐泥组	层状藻类体	浮游藻类和细菌有机质腐泥化作用产物
	结构藻类体
	腐泥碎屑体
	沥青质体	还原环境下，低等水生生物遭受微生物降解
	矿物沥青基质	有机质和无机矿物在微纳米尺度上的混合物
动物有机碎屑组	笔石表皮体	海洋半索动物、一些微体动物和环节动物的表皮、鄂片和骨骼等有机质的转化产物
	几丁虫囊壁体
	虫颚有机体
固体沥青组	源内固体沥青	石油经初次运移残留在烃源岩内的固相次生产物
	储层固体沥青	石油经二次运移进入到储集岩形成的固相次生产物
	沥青铀钍矿	藻类有机质遭受放射性矿物的离子辐射作用聚合所形成的
惰质组	惰屑体	氧化环境或再循环形成的高反射率有机质颗粒
惰质组	石墨化碎片	外源输入的强烈光学各向异性有机质碎片

地区	组	随机反射率R_o/%	样品数量/个	显微组分含量/%
地区	组	随机反射率R_o/%	样品数量/个	类镜质组颗粒	源内固体沥青	笔石表皮体	腐泥组
上扬子	大塘坡组	SB R_o：3.19 ~ 3.80	10	0	100	—	—
	陡山沱组	SB R_o：2.62 ~ 4.71	13	0	100	—	—
	寒武系	VLM R_o：2.24 ~ 5.49	47	< 20	> 80	—	—
	五峰组- 龙马溪组	G R_o：1.08 ~ 5.48	38	—	7 ~ 100	0 ~ 93	—
华北	洪水庄组	VLM R_o：0.68 ~ 0.78	8	< 10	—	—	> 90
华北	下马岭组	VLM R_o：0.43 ~ 0.68	5	< 10	—	—	> 90
塔里木	玉尔吐斯组	VLM R_o：0.85 ~ 1.61	9	< 10	> 90	—	< 10

显微组分	非粒状笔石表皮体	储层固体沥青	源内固体沥青	类镜质组颗粒
结构	复杂生物结构，条带状	镶嵌状	无结构	特殊生物结构，条带状或颗粒状
产状	顺层产出	充填于孔隙和裂缝	充填于孔隙和裂缝、分散在黏土矿物里面或者呈顺层产出	顺层产出
表面特征	光滑，部分具纺锤层	较光滑	较粗糙	光滑
各向异性	强	强	弱	强
随机反射率	高	高	低	高

“前世”代表性地层	“前世”显微组分组成	“今生”代表性地层	“今生”显微组分组成
洪水庄组/下马岭组	以层状藻类体和矿物沥青基质为主，类镜质组颗粒和腐泥碎屑体次之，偶见沥青铀钍矿	大塘坡组、陡山沱组	全部为源内固体沥青
寒武系Alum页岩	以层状藻类体和矿物沥青基质为主，类镜质组颗粒和腐泥碎屑体次之，偶见沥青铀钍矿	牛蹄塘组	以源内固体沥青为主，类镜质组颗粒次之
奥陶系含笔石页岩	以层状藻类体和矿物沥青基质为主，笔石表皮体和腐泥碎屑体次之，偶见类镜质组颗粒	五峰组-龙马溪组	以源内固体沥青为主，笔石表皮体次之

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Classification， origins， and evolution of macerals in the Precambrian-Eopaleozoic sedimentary rocks

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