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    25 March 2001, Volume 22 Issue 1
    ESTIMATION OF NATURAL GAS RESOURCES AND RESERVES IN CHINA: WITH CONCERNING TO RESERVES FOR WEST-EAST GAS PIPELINE PROJECT
    Dai Jinxing, Xia Xinyu, Wei Yanzhao
    2001, 22(1):  1-8.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010101
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    By the end of 1999,there are 171 discovered hydrocarbon gas fields in China(not including Taiwan Province;the same below).Their total geological reserves amount to 20 635×108m3,recoverable reserves 13 049×108m3,the remaining recoverable reserves 10 213×108m3.Ever since 1981 natural gas reserves have increased by 7.9 times.due to the enhancement of exploration and researches,as well as the application of the theory of coal measure gas.Large or medium size gas fields with proven geological reserves over 100×108m3 are 47.Their total proven geological reserves are up to 15 171×108m3,and covers 74% of total proven geological reserves in China.Within 6 largest gas fields with proved geological reseves over 500×108m3,the first fields 4 are coal-formed gasfields,indicating the importance of coal-formed gas field in China's gas reserves.Newly estimated conventional gas resources in China are 50.6×1012m3,with 13.3×1012m3 recoverable reserves.By the end of 1999,only 9.8% of the recoverable resources are proved.If the proved rate can be as high as that of Canada,the proved rate could be 41.9%,proved recoverable reserves would be 5.58×1012m3.It is estimated that annual gas production will reach 500×108m3 in the year 2005 and 1 000×108m3 in the year 2015 in China.The ratio of reserve to production of Romania,ltaly,Mexico,and German were only 14~27 when its production reached 120×108m3,and this production kept for 30 year or even more.Compared with them,Tarim Basin can insure 30 years of stable gas production of 120×108m3 per year with its 3 397×108m3 remaining recoverable gas reserves.(the reserve-production ratio is 28).So the gas reserves in Tarim Basin is ready for the "West-East Gas Pipeline Project".

    EVOLUTION OF TRANSFORMATION BELT AND FORMATION OF BIG OILFIELD IN RENQIU
    Wang Dingyi, Liang Sujuan
    2001, 22(1):  9-12.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010102
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    Renqiu buried hill oilfield is one of the big oil fields with high productivity in China even in the world.The buried hill trap is 30 km2 in north-south,7 km2 in east west with an area of 183 km2.The reservoirs are carbonate rocks of Lower Palaeozoic,Middle and Upper Proterozoic,the source rocks are pelite of Es3+2 ,the caprocks are mudstone and halite of Es 1+Ed.The major oil pools,resulted from NWW striking Tongkou transformation belt and NNE striking Renqiu uplift,are in Middle Proterozoic carbonate rocks in the northern part of the buried-hill.In Es3+2 depositional period,the transformation belt displaced northward to Mo-14 ~Mo-2 Wells neighborhood.Then Renqiu uplift subsided under the water and became the buried hill.Lingcheng subsag in Baxian sag and Renxi subsag in Raoyang sag which are situated in two sides of the buried-hill provided rich hydrocarbon source and mingling crude oil for Renqiu Oilfield.In Es1~Ed period,the transformation belt moved north to Gaojiapu area,resulted in the recession of the two subsags,and formed regional mudstone caprock.In Ed~N period,source rocks matured and formed Renqiu oilfield of buried-hill trap type.

    STUDY ON THERMAL SIMULATION OF CARBONIFEROUS SOURCE ROCKS IN TARIM BASIN: Ⅱ COMPOSITION AND EVOLUTION OF BIOMARKERS
    Duan Yi, Zhou Shixin
    2001, 22(1):  13-16.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010103
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    The biomarker compounds of the Bachu Formation mudstone and limestone collected from Qu-4 Well in Tarim Basin could be divided into two types:1.n-alkanes and isoprenoid alkanes;2.tricyclic terpane and pentacyclic terpane.Thermal simulation was made and the results suggest that,different simulation temperatures had different biomarker compound combinations.This was similar to that of the simulation made before.According to the oil-source comparison,the ratio of tricyclic terpane C21/C23 in the crude oil generated from Carboniferous source rocks is usually greater than one,this differs distinctly from that in the crude oil generated from Cambrian-Ordovician source rocks(C21/C23 <1).It is suggested that the oil drilled in Qu-1 Well may be derived from Carboniferous mudstone.

    A COMMENT ON FORMING MECHANISM OF OVERPRESSURE IN SEDIMENTARY BASINS
    Wang Lianjin, Ye Jiaren
    2001, 22(1):  17-20.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010104
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    The formation mechanism of overpressure can be divided into following three types:1.the increase of compressive stress;2.changes in the volume of pore fluid or rock matrix,and 3.hydrocarbon buoyancy or liquid flowage.Loading during burial can produce considerable overpressure due to disequilibrium compaction,particularly during the rapid subsidence of low-permeability sediments.Horizontal stress changes can rapidly produce or release large amounts of overpressure in tectonically active areas.The increases fluid volume caused by aquathermal expansion and clay dehydration are too small to produce significant overpressure unless perfect sealing occurs.Hydrocarbon generation and cracking could possibly produce overpressure,but it needs a long period of time for the pressure to cumulate.This requires to be further proved.

    GEOLOGICAL CONDITION FOR FORMING BIG GASFIELDS IN TARIM BASIN
    Kang Yuzhu
    2001, 22(1):  21-25.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010105
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    Tarim Basin possesses the geological condition of forming big gasfields:1.superimposition of muti-age and multi-type basins;2.rich gas resources of muti-age source rocks;3.multi-age and muti-type caprock combinations;4.multiple palaeo-uplifts,faults and regional unconformities favourable for hydrocarbon accumulation;5.multi-type of gases with condensed gas in predominance;6.tectonic unconformity and stratigraphic uncorfornity being the main types of the gas pools and gas fields.The gases are mainly distributed in cratonic uplift,fault belts and fault-folded belts of foreland basin.

    GAS POOLS OF DEEP BASIN IN YANCHENG SAG,SUBEI BASIN
    Qian Ji, Jin Zhijun, Zhang Jinchuan, Jiang Zhenxue
    2001, 22(1):  26-29.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010106
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    Yancheng Sag is a continental fault-sag situated in Subei-South Yellow Sea Basin.The sag continuously subsided and developed steady,this laid foundation for the deep pool formation;the Funing and Taizhou Formations possessed fovourable hydrocarbon generation abilily,the second member dense sandstone reservoir of the Taizhou Formation was characterized by low porosity and permeability,both of them provided necessary condition for the pool formation.Yancheng natural gas pools have the tendency of gas and water upsidedown,and are characterized by alternate low abnormal pressure and hydrostatic pressure,long well section and low gas production rate.The gas is mainly methane derived from pyrolysis of humic organic matter.The deep faults and fractures act as the passages.The most favourable areas are Nanyang and Xinyang subsags.

    INTERPRETATION OF INSIDE STRUCTURES FROM PRETERTIARY BASEMENT IN KONGXI BURIED-HILL,HUANGHUA BASIN
    Qi Jiafu, Yang Chiyin, Zhang Jun, Wang Ziyu, Li Jianying
    2001, 22(1):  30-32,37.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010107
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    According to the analysis of theoretical model,seismic profile and prospecting well data,the main part of the Kongxi buried-hill consists of 3~4 east-dipping listric or ramp-flat thrust faults appearing as thin-skin imbricate-fan structures.The involved beds include mainly Ordovician and Carboniferous-Permian.The thrusts converged and formed a local detachment thrust in Cambrian or Pre-cambrian.The styles of the chrusts changed along the strike of structural belt.The south part of the buried-hill presented triangle thrust helt.According to the geological date of the involved beds,the thrust structure developed after the development of Early-Middle Triassic basin but before the formation of Jurassic-Cretaceous basin and it continued to thrust during Lower-Middle Jurassic.Local structural styles became more complicated due to the stacking of extensional structures and strike-slip structures of Meso-Cenozoic.

    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF HYDROCARBON GENERATION AND EXPULSION IN BEACH OF LIAOHE OILFIELD
    Wen Zhenhe
    2001, 22(1):  33-37.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010108
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    Liaohe Beach starts from Hulu Island in the west and ends at Boyuquan in the east.The principal hydrocarbon source rocks are Sha-3 member and the reservoir rocks are Sha-1 member.According to the geological,geophysical and geochemical data of the beach area as well as some parameters of its neighbouring area,a simulation of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion was wade.The results suggest that the principal source rocks are Sha-3 member,and secondly Sha-1 and Sha-2 members;Gaizhoutan,Hainan and Qiugshui Sags are main hydrocarbon generation centres,and Hainan Subsag and the south of Jinzhou 9-3 Subsag are secondary.It is also suggested that the east sag of the simulated area is mainly oil-bearing type and the west sag is mainly gas-bearing type.Major hydrocarbon genention stage started from Dongying period,the peak period of hydrocarbon expulsion started from Dongying 1~2 stages.Hydrocarbon generation centres coincided with hydrocarbon expulsion centres.\;

    SIMULATION TEST OF HYDROCARBON GENERATION AND EXPULSION FOR SOURCE ROCKS OF COAL-MEASURES IN TARIM BASIN
    Wang Donglaing, Liu Baoquan, Guo Jianying, Guo Shuzhi,
    2001, 22(1):  38-41.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010109
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    Simulatoin test of coal measure source rock was made with the samples collected from Huaying reference-1 and Weima-1 Wells in Northeast Tarm Basin.The results indicate that when Ro is more than 0.65%,the ratio of liquid hydrocarbon generation increases rapidly;when Ro is greater than 1.5%,the ratio decreased rapidly;when Ro is 1.0% ,the ratio is 150 kg/t.c and this is the peak of oil generation.The carbonaceous mudstone is similar to coal measures.The Hydrocarbon generation and expulsion of grey mudstone is low.When Ro is nearly 2.5%,the ratio is near to 200 kg/t.c.The division criterion of evolution stage could be established according to the simulation results.

    APPLICATION OF GEOSTRESS PROFILE IN RESERVOIR EXPLOITATION: TAKE RESERVOIRS OF SHAXIMIAO FORMATION OF XL GASFIELD IN WEST SICHUAN FOR EXAMPLE
    Yu Qixiang, Wu Aijun, Li Shanliang, Bi Lanying
    2001, 22(1):  42-47.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010110
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    The development of geostress profile has opened a new field for log data application.According to the analysis of the geostress field of 4 wells in XL Gasfield in West Sichuan,the rock dynamic parameters,the 3-D principal stress,the direction of horizontal stress field,the common engineering pressure and sand producing index of the reservoir in Shaximaio Formation of XL Gasfield in West Sichuan have following characters:1.the development degree of porosity and fractures can effect reservoir dynamic property;2.3-D principal stress could usually satisfy the following relational expression:σHVh,the horizontal stress and breakdown pressure of fracture developed horizon are usually lower than that of country rock,but the slump pressure is higher than that of the country rock;3.horizontal principal stress basically coincides with horizontal principal stress of regional tectonics in West Sichuan excepting particular horizons;4.sand producing index is high and there is no sand produced.

    EFFECTS OF WATER CONDUCTION OF FAULTS ON WATERFLOODING AND DEVELOPMENT COUNTERMEASURES IN HANAN OILFIELD
    Yue Leping, Zhang Li, Yang Yajuan, Miao Kun, Song Shemin, Zhang Manku
    2001, 22(1):  48-51,56.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010111
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    The directions of fractures in Hanan Olifield are determined by paleomagnetic method.121 micro-fracture slices are identified to analyze the relationship between micro-and macro-fractures.The tracer experiment of a well group is done to detect the water transmission fractures and faults.Based on the data of seism,drilling interpetation in faults and the performance data,a conclusion is drawn that in the fault system of Aershan Reservoir,NE strike faults and NW strike fractures are conjugated.The transmissibility of the fault system is so serious that the inflow rate in fault-developed areas is 40-100 m/d.The effects of tansmissibility resulted in the confusion of the injection-production layers,thus forming injection-production in different layers.On the same time,some production wells are of high pressure and flooded.According to the characteristics of the fault system,corresponding contermeasure is put forward.

    DEVELOPMENT CHARACTERISTICS OF SAND-CONGLOMERATE BODIES IN FAULT-DEPRESSED BASINS:TAKE EOGENE SHA-3 MEMBER IN CHENGNAN FAULT BELT AS AN EXAMPLE
    Wu Hengzhi
    2001, 22(1):  52-56.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010112
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    Seven sedimentary cycles could be distinguished in Tertiary Sha-3 member of Chengnan fault belt in Zhanhua Sag which recorded the changes of paleo-water levels.It is constant that the changes of water level caused by tectonic subsidence are bigger than that caused by climate.This suggests that:if faulting cycle and climate variation cycle synchronize perfectly,they are both helpful for the development of sand-conglomerate;if they do not synchronize,the development of sand-conglomerate is mainly controlled by faulting.

    DISTRIBUTION CHARACTERISTICS AND CONTROLLED FACTORS OF RESIDUAL OILS IN DAQING OILFIELD
    Wei Jide, Du Qinglong, Lin Chunming, Zhang Tongyi
    2001, 22(1):  57-59.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010113
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    The test results of three dense well net regions in Daqing Oilfields indicate that sedimentary microfacies is the main factor influencing the planar distribution of residual oil.In large channel sand bodies,the residual oil is mainly distributed in the places with poor physical property;in distributary channel sand bodies,the oil is usually preserved in thin sand laminaes and sand lens.The top part of thick oil horizon favours the enrichment of residual oil,and exploration factor also has some influence on the distribution of risidial oil.

    HETEROGENEITY OF RESERVOIRS FROM ARHE FORMATION LOWER JURASSIC IN TUGERMING,KUQA DEPRESSION
    Chen Ziliao, Shou Jianfeng, Zhang Huiliang, Shen Anjiang, Si Chunsong, Wang Shaoyi, Pi Xuejun, Cai Zhengzhong, Xu Feng
    2001, 22(1):  60-63.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010114
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    The Lower Jurassic Arhe Formation in Tugerming Region is typical braiedd river deltaic sediment and could be divided into deltaic plain and deltaic front subfacies.The formation consists of braided river channel,subaqueous distributary river channel,diara and river mouth bar subfacies formed by side deposition,filled in deposition,vertical deposition and front deposition.Reservoir interbed heterogeneity is controlled by sedimentary subfacies.Different subfacies possess different porosity and permeability.The physical property of braided channel sand bodies is the best;then that of the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies,diaras and river mouth bars is secondary;that of river mouth sand bars of deltaic front subfacies is the last.The intrabed heterogeneity of the reservois is related to depositional manners.The permeability of the braided channel sand bodies and subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies formed by side deposition and filled in deposition is distributed in normal rhythm,and the highest permeability section is in the bottom;the permeability of diaras shows irregular distribution in vertical;that of river mouth sand bars shows reverse rhythmic distribution,and the peak permeability section is in the top.

    FORMATION CONDITION OF HIGH WAX OILS IN DAMINTUN SAG
    Huang Haiping, Li Hong Ma Kanchuang, He Huiqiang
    2001, 22(1):  64-67,71.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010115
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    Damintun Sag is situated in the northeast corner of Bohai Bay Basin.The middle and lower parts of the Sha-3 member and buried hill of the Tertiary System in the north part of the sag preserve large amount of high wax crude oil;the central part of the sag contains mixed oil and the south part contains normal oil.Sha-3~Sha-4 members are fine source rocks with 2.16% average organic carbon contents.Abundant organic matter,including higher plant and lower hydrobionts in the source rocks,increased the wax contents.The ratio between dibenzothiophen and phenanthrine is less than 1.0,suggesting that the whole Shahejie Formation was formed in weak oxidation environment of fresh water.Besides,the north part had been long in the low maturation stage.This weak oxidation-low maturation environment is the key factor for the high wax oil to be preserved.The high contents of drimane in the oil indicate that microbial action made some contribution for the formation of the high wax oil.

    DISCUSSION ON SEDIMENTATION MECHANISM OF TWO KIND DELTAS FROM PERMIAN-CARBONIFEROUS OF CENTRAL ORDOS BASIN
    He Yizhong, Chen Hongde, Zhang Jinquan
    2001, 22(1):  68-71.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010116
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    Two Kinds of deltas-meandering stream-shallow sea delta and braided stream-shallow lake delta-developed in Permo-carboniferous Systems in Ordos Basin.The deltas differ from typical deltaic model.Deltaic front subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies and deltaic plain distributary channel sand bodies are the skeleton sand bodies of meandering stream-shallow sea delta and braided streain-shallow lake delta respectively but not tranditional deltaic front river mouth sand bars.The two kinds of deltas are controlled by river types,ground slope,water depth,water density differentia,river sedimentation and lake dispersion.The first kind of delta mainly developed in meandering stream water system;the second kind of delta developed in braided river water system.Two depositional models were built according to their characteristics.It is pointed out that the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies of the first type of delta and the lensing and zonal distributary clannel sand bodies of the second type are favourable oil and gas exploration targets.

    ANALYSIS OF CONDENSATE GAS POOLS IN QIANMIQIAO BURIED HILL
    Jiang, Ping
    2001, 22(1):  72-74.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010117
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    Qianmiqiao buried hill in Banqiao structural belt of Huanghua Depression was formed by stretch-faulting on the basis of fold-obduction.The hydrocarbon pool of the study area is a condensed oil-gas pool, the source rock is the third member of Shahejie Formation. The wax content of the crude oil is high, its methane carbon isotope could be reversed,indicating its multi-stage pool-forming origin. Gas invasion was the main cause of the pool's formation. Crude oil generated in early maturation stage migrated into the Ordoviciom reservoir of the buried hill first,then gas generated in mid maturation stage migrated in gas phase into the reservoir and formed the pool.

    STUDIES OF STRATIGRAPHY IN JINBEI BURIED HILL
    Zhang Xionghua Yin Wanqian Zhang Jichang Lu Zhongsheng
    2001, 22(1):  75-77.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010118
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    Jinbei buried hill consists mainly metamorphic terrigenous clastic rock,diamictite,carbonatite,evaporite and silicite. Paleo-microphytes of the study area include 20 genera and 33 kinds,the characteristic fossils and the fossil assemblages could be correlated to that of Middle Proterozoic in Jixian County nearby.Illite crystallinity of the buried hill is 122~150,bo-value is 9.030~9.066, showing low metamorphic greenschist facies. In short,the strata of the buried hill show similarity in lithology,lithofacies, fossils,metamorphic grade and geochemistry with those of Middle Proterozoic Dahongyu,Gaoyuzhuang,Yangzhuang,Wumishan Formations of the neighbouring areas but differ greatly from those of the Paleozoic. So it is suggested that the strata should correspond to the above mentioned formations.

    CHARACTERISTICS AND CLASSIFICATION OF PERMIAN RESERVOIRS IN NORTHWESTERN MARGIN OF JUNGGAR BASIN
    Li Rong
    2001, 22(1):  78-81,87.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010119
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    Permian reservoirs in northwestern margin of Junggar Basin include sandstone,conglomerate,volcanic clastic rock and volcanic rock with low-medium porosity and permeability. The disperse distribution of porosity and permeability reveals the heterogeneity of the reservoir physical property. The pore spaces are mainly residual intergranular porosity, dissolution porosity in clastic rock reservoir,dissolution matrix porosity and fractures in volcanic reservoirs. Secondary dissolution porosity plays the key role of reservoir quality. The development of secondary porosity is closely related to depositional hiatus.Based on Q-mode fator analysis of eight variables of rock physical property and pore configuration, it is suggested that the lower limit of porosity is 9%; the lower limit of permeability of clastic rocks is 0.2×10-3μm;the lower limit of the permeability of volcanic rocks is 0.2×10-3 μm.The Permian reservoirs could be divided into four types accordingly.

    DIAGENESIS OF RESERVIORS IN FUYU AND YANGDACHENGZI OF SANZHAO REGION
    Wang Baoqing, Xu Wenfa, Liu Zhanli, Kong Fanzhong Chang Zhongyuan, Wang Chunrui
    2001, 22(1):  82-87.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010120
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    The reservoir rocks of Lower Cretaceous Fuyu and Yangdachenzi unites wrer deposited in channels on the deltaic flood plain in Sanzhao area. The reservoir rocks mainly consist of fine lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite with abundant matrix.Porosity ranges from 1% to 21.3%,with a mean of 10.9%.Permeability ranges from 0.01×10-3 to 289×10-3μm2 with a mean of 1.53×10-3μm2.Main diagenesis includes compaction,cementation,dissolution,replacement and recrystallization.According to the texture;cathodoluminescence characteristics,carbon and oxygen isotopic composition, the contents of the main and trace elements,calcite cement formed in reducing condition during early diagenesis. Precipitation of calcite cement caused the decrease of porosity in sediments.Porosity formed by feldspar and intermediate/basic volcanic rock fragment dissolution makes up about one third of the whole porosity.Most smectite and kaolinite already changed into illite and chlorite,or mixed layered illite/smectite(I/S)and chlorite/smectite(C/S).Most changes of reservoir rocks occurred during early diagenesis.

    CHARACTERISTICS OF INSULATING LAYERS AND EVALUATIONOF SEALING ABILITY FROM XINGLONGTAI OIL HORIZON OF LIAOHE OILFIELD
    Kui Heming, Dang Ben, Dun Tiejun
    2001, 22(1):  88-92.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010121
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    The insulating layers of Xinglongtai dense oil horizon in Shuguang District,Liaohe Oilfields could be divided into three types such as mudstone,sandy mudstone,argillaceous sandstone.Their properties differ differently with each other.The argillaceous sandstone possesses the highest permeability then the sandy mudstone;mudstone has the lowest permeability but possesses the highest breakpressure;the argillaceous sandstone has the lowest breakpressure. As for thermal conductivity,specific heat and thermal expansion coefficient, mudstone is the highest and argillaceous sandstone is the lowest.According to the breakpressure,midvalue radius,permeability and thickness,the insulating layers could be divided into three types and six subtypes. Among all the seven layers in the study area,four of them are fine,two of them are secondary,two of them are poor.

    ROCK-PYROLYSIS METHOD USED TO DISTINGUISHING OIL-WATER BEDS OF SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS IN TARIM
    Chen Chuanping, Su Xiufang, Sun Weilin, Yuan Zhihua, Mi Jiliang, Huang Kenan
    2001, 22(1):  93-94.  doi:10.11743/ogg20010122
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    If equal amount of oil is distributed in reservoir rocks with different porosity,the oil packing degree in the pore is different. The porosity is larger,the packing degree is lower and the oil saturation in reservoir rock is lower whereas the saturation is higher. So a new method for distinguishing oil and water intervals can be obtained through acquiring the oil saturation in reservoir rock with rock-eval and setting up the relation between oil saturation and the porosity. The key step is to get exactly the density of reservoir oil.Test result of moderate density oil in Tarim Basin are similar to the real situation. The method is not suitable for bearing light oil because it is volatile on the ground.