Oil & Gas Geology-2000, Volume 21 Issue 4

GENESIS OF CENOZOIC BASINS IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC MARGIN(3): TECTONIC EVOTUTION OF POST RIFTING PERIOD

Xu Junyuan, Zhang Linyun

2000, 21(4): 287-292. doi:10.11743/ogg20000401

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Though Cenozoic link dextral pull-apart rift system in the northwest Pacific margin basically inherited their original tectonic framework in post rifting period,they underwent some reformation,especially the Philippine Sea Basin.In the Miocene,New Guinea Block of the north drifting Australia Plate wedged in the Philippine Sea Basin and turned the basin into a rhombic transpressional basin;the central fault of West Philippine Sea Basin cut NW-W-trending R′faults at small angle;Shikoku and Parece Vela Sea Basins was turned into impact rifts.The bending and cracking of Mariana Ridge resulted in Mariana Ses Basin,the East China Sea was compressed and deformed due to the formation of Ryukyu Arc.In the end of the Miocene,Taiwan Island began to form.In Pliocene-Quaternary,the westward compression of Pacific Plate was more intensive than the northward compression of Australia Plate,this resulted in sinistral drifting of New Guinea Trench.The India Plate pushed Eurasia Plate intensively,leading to the stacking of weak dextral pull-apart action.According to global tectonic evolution,the northward drift of the Austratia and Eurasia Plates during Neogene Quaternary could result in right lateral shift of the San Andreas rift.

OCEANIC ARRAY MAGNETOTELLURIC SOUNDING USED IN STUDY OF DEEP STRUCTURES IN BEACH SEA OF LIAODONG BAY

Wang Dongpo, Zeng Xiaozhen, Xue Linfu, Li Tonglin, Liu Li, Chen Yixian, Liao Xingming, Meng Weigong, Li Zhenji

2000, 21(4): 293-299,307. doi:10.11743/ogg20000402

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Based on the study of oceanic array magnetotelluric sounding data and the data of geophysical survey and well log,the geological texture and structural property of the beach area in Liaodong Bay were analysed with 2-D finite element method.The results indicate that Tanlu fault zone caused considerable effect on the area.The fault zone has four big fractures in Liaodong Bay,the Ejiegou-Jiezhoutan fracture among them cut deep into the crystal palaeobasement;another fracture,Dawa-Nanhai fracture,controlled the distribution of the Middle and Upper Proterozoic.The Middle and Upper Proterozoic were confined within the two sides of the fracture.What's more,as a whole,Tanlu fault also controlled the distribution of Mesozoic volcanic rocks,the volcanic rocks on the west side of the fault developed well than that on the east side.Besides,the superiority of great depth of electromagnetic sounding was also used to probe the deep texture of the globe.The result suggests that the depth of high conductive layer of the mantle is about 60 km,and that the undulation of the asthenosphere show distinct mirror relation;the depth of intracrustal high conductive layer is about 20 km.This is the reflection of detachment zone formed in earth crustal extension.

THEORY AND METHOD OF PHYSICAL SIMULATION IN CLASTIC SEDINENTATION

Zhang Chunsheng, Liu Zhongbao, Shi Dong, Jia Ailin

2000, 21(4): 300-303,307. doi:10.11743/ogg20000403

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Physical simulation of clastic sedimentary system is an important resort of studying sedimentary process,it is also one of efficient methods of forecasting oil gas sandbody distribution.The similarity of sedimentary process is the key of physical simulaion.So simulating experiment must suffice resemble theory.Basin theory keeping sedimentary process of model similar to that of prototype is geometry resemblance,kinetic resemblance,dynamic resemblance and three deduced basic rules such as grain suspend resemblance,grain kinetic resemblance,river bed transfiguration resemblance.Some resemblance conditions can not be content in experiment at the same time,the main conditions influencing sedimentary process should be content first.The establishment of geology and physical models according to actual condition is the foundation of correct physical simulation;the determination of experiment project based on the models is the main link of the simulation.

VOLCANIC ACTIVITIES AND RIFT SUBSIDENCE CYCLES IN NANPU SAG

Dong Yuexia, Zhou Haimin, Xia Wenchen

2000, 21(4): 304-307. doi:10.11743/ogg20000404

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The Mg'contents of protomagma in Nanpu Sag are mainly 0.65～0.75.The incompatible elements of rare earth and trace elements are rich and compatible elements are deficient.This suggests that the protomagma was controlled by the fusion of upper mantle source rock.The structural sequences of stretch rift basin is usually composed of coarse grain sequence in the bottom,volcanic rock bearing sequence in the lower part,deep water sequence in the mid part and filling sequence in the upper part.Nanpu Sag could be divided into 6 sequences accordingly.The third and fourth sequences controlled the distribution of the two main petroleum systems of the sag.The formation mechanism of the sag was related of the upwelling of the mantle,and was controlled by the evolution model of active rift.

HYDROCARBON FEATURES OF FORELAND BASIN IN CHUXIONG

Yin Fuguang, Xu Xiaosong, Wan Fang, Tan Fuwen

2000, 21(4): 308-312. doi:10.11743/ogg20000405

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Chuxiong Basin is a Mesozoic basin located in central Yunnan.The basin developed into two sag one uplift palaeogeographic pattern.A uncompensated oil generation sag formed when foredeep basin rapidly subsided,and back-bulge basin developed into a semi-restricted oil generation sag under the blockage of foreland uplift.The reservoir rocks in the basin could be divided into three types:1.turbidite in the foredeep belt and the back-bulge basin;2.continental clastic rocks of fluvial,deltaic,littoral shallow sea facies on two sides of the foreland uplift and the margin of the bulge basin;3.carbonate ramp on the foreland uplift facing the sea.Foreland thrusting towards Yangtze craton started in Latinian stage,thus resulting in fault-bended fold trap,fault-propagated fold trap,step thrust-lithologic trap,basal detachment trap,the subducted belt fold trap in nappe front.The emplacement of foreland thrust belt improved hydrocarbon migration and preservation,it acted as the heat source and dynamic force of hydrocarbon maturation and migration.Hydrocarbon exploration in Chuxiong Basin will show broad prospects.

APPLICATION OF W-S MODEL TO OIL ASSESSMENT IN ARGILLACEOUS SANDSTONE RESERVOIRS

Cheng Xiangzhi, Zhou Fengming, Peng Yinhui, Zhao Lingfeng

2000, 21(4): 313-317. doi:10.11743/ogg20000406

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W-S model could be used to calculate the oil saturation of argillaceous sand stone reservoir.The equation is as follows: C_o=(1/F′)(C_w+BQ_v),C_t=(S_w^n′/F′)(C_w+B (Q_v/S_w)) B is an important parameter and could be calculated according to the relation between solution conductivity C_w and temperature T;m′ and n′ are parameters that vary with lithology;Q_v and R_w are basic parameters of W-S model,and could be calculated by using excited polarizing potential log data,conventional log data,formation water analysis and positive spontaneous potential curve respectively.Then use W-S model to process these parameters and the oil saturation of argillaceous sandstone reservoir could be calculated.The results are proved to be reliable and could be used to distingush between hydrocarbon reservoir and nonhydrocarbon reservoir.

ESTABLISHMENT AND APPLICATION OF INTERPRETATION MODEL FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL LOG IN JIDONG OILFIELD

Zhou Cancan, Zhou Fengming, Ma Yuejiao, Cheng Xiangzhi, Zeng Yusheng

2000, 21(4): 318-320,326. doi:10.11743/ogg20000407

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Spontaneous potential is the potential resulted from formation's electrochemical reaction under non polorization state,and its scale is determined by the density of formation water ions and the cation exchange capacity.The density of formation water ions and the capacity of cation exchange of each layer could be calculated according to spontaneous potential curve and polarizability curve of induced polarization log,and the formation water resistivity could be calculated.In addition,the oil saturation of argillarceous sandstone reservoir could also be calculated by using W-S model.Through large amount of core tests,geological interpretation parametres suitable for this area are obtained but remain to be determined.Actural hydrocarbon exploration results proved that the electrochemic log interpretation model is well coincident with practical geological condition.

EVALUATION OF POOL-FORMING CONDITION FOR COALBED GAS IN KAPING-JIANHE REGION

Fan Wenke, Zheng Hongju, Chen Lei

2000, 21(4): 321-323. doi:10.11743/ogg20000408

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Kaping-Jianhe region situated in the boundaries of Tangshan City is a basin superposed by Paleozoic,Mesozoic and Cenozoic sediments.The basin contains 20 coalbeds and 9 recoverable coalbeds,the cumulative thickness increases from southeast to northwest.The coalbeds contain rich organic carbon,microfabric is mainly vitrinite,the coals are gas coal and fat coal of moderate evolution with strong gas generatim ability.The buried depth of Kaping syncline increased from southeast to northwest,so as the amount of coalbed gas,the metamorphic grades and the amount of absorbed hydrocarbon.It suggests that the northwest part of the basin possesses favourable gas exploration prospects,and that the target beds are those buried deeper than 800 m.

PROGRESS OF 2-D SEISMIC EXPLORATION IN ON SHORE,BEIPU REGION

Xie Zhan'an, Zhang Guodong, Fu Xingshen, Fan Huilan

2000, 21(4): 324-326. doi:10.11743/ogg20000409

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The land 2-D seismic data of Beipu region in west Nanpu Sag is poor in quality.This is related to complicated surface condition and unique subsurface geological condition:1.multi-intensive reflecting boundaries and multiple Tertiary waves are the main causes of the poor qaulity;2.volcanic rocks of Tertiary System developed well and their shield action is intensive;3.the major target horizon—the Dongying Formation is of poor lithological combination with less reflecting boundaries.So it is necessary to improve tranditional seismic method,decrease randon noise and increase the ratio of signal to noise.It has been proved by practice that better results could be obtained when the maximum longitudinal shift distance on Beipu land was regulated to 4 500 m,the shield times increased to 90,exiting depth set at 9 m and detected with 5 linear multiple geophone grouping.

PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS OF GEOLOGICAL RESERVES CALCULATION IN PETROLEUM FROM LIUNAN REGION

Guan Tao, Tang Wei, Li Shuxun

2000, 21(4): 327-329. doi:10.11743/ogg20000410

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The basic method used in the calculation of China's petroleum geological reserves is volumetric method.The calculatoin results of the method is controlled by six reserve parameters.Warren probability analysis indicates that the products of reserve parameters of volumetric method show normal distribution,hence the probability distribution of the reserve could be obtained by the calculation of characteristic parameters,and reliable expectation value of petroluem reserve could also be obtained.The maximum,the minimum and most possible values of reserve parameters were selected to calcuate the probability of the No.9 and No.12 mini beds in Liunan region,the results is 84.1%,which basically coincides with that calculated by volumetric method.

INTERPRETATION METHOD ON LOW QUALITY SEISMIC DATA OF COMPLEX FAULTED BLOCKS

Zhang Yulan, Chen Xiande, Zhai Ruiguo, Guo Yinju, Zhang Wenlin

2000, 21(4): 330-332,336. doi:10.11743/ogg20000411

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The reasonable thinking of interpreting low quality seismic data of complex fault block is to interprete large fault controlled structural framework and the whole structural feature first,then interprete small structures and oil layers within big block.In the interpretation of regional structural feature,coherence data set block was used to study fault distribution regularity;structural model built according to 2-D section was used to interprete low quality 3-D seismic data;to interprete regional structural feature based on fault distribution.In local structure interpretation,one should pay attention to the interpretation of the top structures of oil horizon and the correlation of reflecting horizon;then use pre stacking depth shift data to interprete structures.These method can considerably improve the results of interpretation,the success ratio of drilling can be improved from 38% to 80%.

PREDICTION OF OIL-BEARING FACIES BELTS AND RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS OF DONGYING FORMATION IN LAOYEMIAO REGION

Liu Xiao, Cao Zhonghong, Liu Cuiqin, Li Xueqin

2000, 21(4): 333-336. doi:10.11743/ogg20000412

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The Dongying Formation in Laoyemiao region consists of fan-delta,lake delta,neritic subaqueous fan and subaqueous gravity flow and lake depositional systems.Oil and gas are mainly distributed in the frontal zones of fan-delta and fan detaic plain.The subaqueous distributary river channels and river mouth sand bars in deltaic frontal zone are the main reservoir sandbodies.The intergranular soluted pores are the main preserving spaces of the reservoirs which decreased with the increase of buried depth,the porosity and permeability are of low mid type.Hydrocarbon accumulation is controlled by sedimentary facies zone.It is pointed out that the exploration of Ed₃ condensed oil and gas pools in north Laoyemiao region should be taken into account,and that Ed₁ and Ed₃ of the southern part of Laoyemiao region would be the main targets for exploration in future.

RESERVOIR EVALUATION OF DEEP SEATED IGNEOUS ROCKS IN BEIPU REGION,HUANGHUA DEPRESSION

Ma Qian, E Junjie, Li Wenhua, Cheng Suoyin

2000, 21(4): 337-340,344. doi:10.11743/ogg20000413

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The reservoir rocks of Beipu region in Huanghua Depression are deep seated igneous rocks of Sha-1 and Sha-3 members.The reservoir rocks are mainly pyroclastic rocks and basalts.Fractures are primary preserving spaces of the basalts;intergranular secondary pores and micro fractures are the basic preserving spaces of pyroclastic rocks.The reservoirs are characterized by considerable variation in porosity and permeability.The development of preserving spaces of igneous rocks are controlled by lithologic feature,rock facies zone,tectonic stress and the coincidence of filling stage with oil accumulation stage.The pyroclastic rock of Sha-1 member developed well with small distribution range;the basalt of Sha-3 member are distributed extensively with considerable thickness.The highes on the top structures are targets for further exploration.

PETROLEUM GEOLOGICAL PROPERTY AND HYDROCARBON DISTRIBUTION IN LAOYEMIAO REGION

Wang Xiaowen, Dong Yuexia

2000, 21(4): 341-344. doi:10.11743/ogg20000414

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Laoyemiao structural belt is a rolling anticline structural belt.Three grades of faults that developed there are:1.EW NE strike faults that controlled sag;2.NNE-NE strike faults that controlled oil;3.NW--NW-W strike faults that controlled traps.The deep lake facies mudstone of 4～5 submembers of Sha-3 member and shallow to semi deep lake facies mudstone from Sha-1 member to the third member of the Dongying Formation are two main sets of source rocks whick have all reached maturation stage.Their organic matter is basically mixed and humic types with higher organic abundance.The reservoir bodies are braided river channel sand bodies,subaqueous gravity flow deposits,subaqueous distributary channel sandbodies,river mouth sand bars and turbidity sand bodies in deep water.The reservoirs are characterized by high porosity and high permeability.The types of hydrocarbon pools are mainly controlled by the extension of rifted basin,contemperaneous faults and sedimentary facies.Rifting cycles controlled the distribution of petroleum system,the contemperaneous faults increased hydrocarbon bearing area,and the collocation of reservoir facies determined oil and gas enrichment.

RELATIOSHIP BETWEEN FORMATION,EVOLUTION AND HYDROCARBON IN NANPU SAG

Zhou Haimin, Wei Zhongwen, Cao Zhonghong, Cong Liangzi

2000, 21(4): 345-349. doi:10.11743/ogg20000415

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Nanpu Sag is a Meso-Cenozoic petroliferous sag.The sag underwent fault-subsided and depressed stages and possesses episodic sedimentary property.The structural belts within the sag are distributed annularly and could be divided into peripheral uplift-buried-hill structural belt,marginal strutural belt and the central structural belt of the sag.These structural belts are separated into south zone and north zone bounded by Gaoliu Fault.The formation and distribution of traps in the sag were controlled by structural evolution. Traps of anticline and buried-hill types were formed in fault-subsided stage;traps of fault block and fault-antieline types were formed in depressional stage.

ASSESSMENT ON GEOLOGICAL CONDITION OF PETROLUM IN MENGNAN BASIN GROUP

E Junjie, Zhuo Shengguang, Liu Yunhua, Liu Jian

2000, 21(4): 350-353. doi:10.11743/ogg20000416

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Mengnan basin group is situated in the midwest of Inner Mongolia.The group consists of more than 10 Mesozoic basins.The main source rocks are Wudanggou and Changhangou Formations of Middle-Lower Jurassic,the Lower Cretaceous Guyang Formation.The sediments are mudstone,shale,carbonaceous mudstone and marl of deep and semi deep lake facies.The source rocks are matured and in the peak stage of oil generation.Multi-set of fan-delta,distributary channel and delta front sand bodies of Jurassic and Cretaceous are favorible reservoirs.On the whole,the Jurassic-Cretaceous Systems possess not only the combination of oilsource rocks in the lower part,reservoirs in the middle part and cap rocks in the upper part,but also the combination of self generation,self-reservoiring and self coverage.It is considered that Wuchuan and Sanggendalai Basins are most favourable for oil exploration;Sandaogou,Qixiaying,Wulanhua and Guyang Basins are secondary.

CHARACTERISTICS OF HYDROCARBON POOLS IN GAO-5 BLOCK, NANPU SAG

Du Zhiqiang, Wei Zhongwen, Wang Xudong

2000, 21(4): 354-356. doi:10.11743/ogg20000417

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Hydrocarbon pool of Gao-5 Block is situated at the central part of fault noze structure of the upthrow of Gaobei Fault- in Nanpu Sag, Gaoshangpu area.It was considered to be structural pool controlled by fault block in the past,but it has been proved by drilling and exploration practices that the structure is a complete fault noze structure, the provenance is in the northeast,the thickest oil layer is at the waist of the noze,the curve of oil cumulative production coinsides with the isopachous figure of the oil layer. So it is considered that the pool should be a typical lithologic one controlled by sedimentation,tectonic movement, diagenesis and epigenesis.The most favourable reservoiring zone of the study area is the subfacies zone of fan-deltaic front.

EVOLUTION OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN YANQI BASIN

Li Yonglin, Chen Wenxue, Zhao Deli, Nan Hongli, Pu Cuiping

2000, 21(4): 357-359. doi:10.11743/ogg20000418

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Yanqi Basin is stituated between Tarim Basin and Tarpan-Harmi Basin.Its petrolenm system underwent the formation and destruction during Jurassic-Cretaceous, the activation and reconstruction during Tertiary-Quaternary. The petroleum system of the basin formed in the end of Badaowan Formation depositional stage,and was destroyed by a large scale of thrust uplift and denudation of the Jurassic System in mid-late Yenshan stage,and the oil generation process was stoped. In Himalaya period,the basin was compressed.As Tertiary deposits increased,Jurassic source rocks started secondary hydrocarbon generation, thus resulting in the activation and reconstruction of the petroleum system. The inhomogeneous structurral evolution resulted in the charactoristics of early stage pool forming,serious pool destruction, small range of secondary oil generation, and poorly developed sand bodies and lower hydrocarbon enrichnrent of the south sag of the basin. Things are opposite for the north sag. These characteristics should be taken into account in hydrocarbon exploration.

POOL FEATURES OF BURIED HILL IN WEST PART OF DONGYING DEPRESSION

Lin Songhui, Wang Hua, Zhang Guixia, Wu Yuxiang, Chen Haiyun, Wei Huabin

2000, 21(4): 360-363. doi:10.11743/ogg20000419

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Buried hills of Archaeozoic,Paleozoic and Mesozoic Eras developed well in the west part of Dongying Depression. Affected by Tanlu fault activities, the buried-hills took the form of zonal distribulion,thus forming NW- and NE- strike buried-hill structural zones. The Cenozoic Shahejie and Kongdian Formations, the Mesozioc and the Permo-Carboniferous Systems are the main source rocks of the buried-hill oil pools. The reservoir rocks are Archaeozoic metamorphic rocks and Lower Paleozoic carbonate rocks. The cap rocks are the strata of Permo-Carboniferous, Tertiary and Lower Jurassic. The pools could be divided into hill-top type and inside hill type.Hydrocarbon pools are basically distributed close to fractural belts near source rocks, and non hydrocarbon gases usually migrated along deep rift,the pathways in volcano to form non hydrocarbon gas pools in proper buried-hill traps.

ANALYSIS OF PETROLEUM SYSTEM IN NANPU SAG

Liu Yunhua, Zhou Haimin, Xiong Baoxian, Li Yonglin, He Huiqiang

2000, 21(4): 364-365,374. doi:10.11743/ogg20000420

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According to oil-source rock correlation,there are two petroleum systems in Nanpu Depression.One is Shahejie Formation petroleum system,the other one is Dongying Formation petroleum system.The source rocks of Sha-3 member of the first system began oil generation in the late stage of Dongiyng Formation,and formed self generation self reservoiring oil pools;the source rocks of the system began secondary oil generation in late Minghuazhen Formation,and formed Tertiary secondary oil pools.As for the second system,the source rocks of the third member of Dongying Formation in the south side of Gaoliu Fault started oil generation in the late stage of Minghuazhen Formation,and formed self generation self reservoiring oil pools of Dongiyng Formation and Tertiary secondary oil pools,but no hydrocarbon pools could be found in the north side of the faults.So it is suggested that hydrocarbon exploration should aimed at the petroleum system of Shahejie Formation in Gaoshangpu and Liuzan areas of the sag,and the Dongying Formation petroleum system in Beipu and Laoyemiao areas.

TRAP QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENT:METHOD OF THREE FACTOR SYNTHETIC QUEUING

Liu Botu, Zhu Yunhui, Gao Xiaoge

2000, 21(4): 366-369. doi:10.11743/ogg20000421

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The analysis of geological risks,the prediction of hydrocarbon resources exetents and the analysis of exploration and development condition are three independent factors in the assessment of zonules and traps.Three factor synthetic gueuing method is a guantitative assessement method proposed according to the above mentioned assessment mode.The method is derived from two factor gueuing method,the basic principle of which is to put the three factors in the same 3-D right angle coordinate system,and synthesize the three factors in one queuing coefficent by setting variable criterion and three factor queuinp formula.This coefficent could be used to evaluate and queu the traps and zonules directly.This method was used to evaluate and queu some structures in Wan'an Basin of Nansha sea area,and three types of traps were distingushed and exploration target areas were pointed.The results proved that this method is an ideal assessment manner for hydrocarbon exploration in deserts and sea areas.

APPLICATION OF FLUORESCENCE SPECTRUM TO STUDIES OF HYDROCARBON MICRO-MIGRATION IN VERTICAL DIRECTION

Tang Yuping, Tang Yanling, Hu Bin, Wei Wei, Wang Jianguo, Yue Xiangyang

2000, 21(4): 370-371. doi:10.11743/ogg20000422

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The normal variation gradient and the tendency of getting lighter upward of the fluorescence spectrum intensity and the specific value in hydrocarbon well have revealed the existance of hydrocarbon vertical micro migration. Fluorescent ternary diagram and synchronous fluorescence spectrum can properly indicate the direction of the micro migration:from deep strata to surface,R 320 increases,λ 360 nm decreases and every wave band possesses positive gradient with the exception of λ 430 nm

CHARACTERISTIC IONS OF OILFIELD WATER IN NORTHERN TARIM BASIN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Zhou Xiaofen

2000, 21(4): 372-374. doi:10.11743/ogg20000423

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The oilfield water in xidaliyia,Tahe-1,Tahe-3 and Tahe-4 Oilfields in Northern Tarim Basin has similar ionic composition,and the principal compositions of soluble materials are consistent with sea water,suggesting its marine origin.The different ionic compositions and concentration indicate different geological features.HCO₃^- has positive coherence with the strata density,the concentration differences of SO₄^2-,Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺ indicate different origin of the water.The content of I^- is determined by physical features of crude oil but not lithologic feature,and bears negative coherence with the density of crude oil.When concentration of Br^- in oilfield water is more than 350 mg/L,the oil would be condensate oil.

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