深埋条件下微生物碳酸盐岩成岩作用与孔隙演化——以四川盆地西部中三叠统雷口坡组为例

doi:10.11743/ogg20230105

Abstract

Abstract:

The microbial dolomite reservoir in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation， western Sichuan Basin， has been one of the exploration targets with a buried depth excessing 5 000 m and it serves as an excellent object of study for diagenetic fluids and pore evolution that are probably accountable for the formation of deeply-buried microbial carbonate reservoirs. Samples and data from more than 10 wells and several outcrops and seismic sections were studied with multi-technical methods， such as cast thin section observation， cathodoluminescence microscopy （CL）， scanning electron microscopy+energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy （SEM-EDS）， fluid inclusion microthermometry， carbon and oxygen isotope analysis via microsampling， carbonate clumped isotopes thermometer （△47）， U-Pb dating of calcite， FIB-SEM and so on. The results show that there are three early diagenetic subsystems： open， closed and semi-open （transition）， which respectively correspond to the intensive meteoric water influx in algal dolostone in intertidal-subtidal zones under humid climate， the weak meteoric water influx in evaporate rock-algal lamellated micritic dolostone in supratidal-intertidal zones under arid climate and the interaction between bacteria & microbial and carbonate mud druing an early supergene-shallow burial period. Large-scale dolomitzation and de-dolomitization during the burial-tectonic epochs are believed to take place repecitvely in the Carnian（226.50 ± 9.68 Ma）and Norian（211.50 ± 1.50 Ma）stages of Late Triassic， with temperatures of 43 ℃ to 54 ℃ and 50 ℃， respectively. Four to five successive dolomitization and calcite cementation stages have been identified， showing that the δ¹⁸O_water （PDB‰） of parent fluids varies between -0.83 ‰ and 9.70 ‰ for dolomite， and between -1.16 ‰ and 12.94 ‰ for calcites， while with the enlargement of cement crystalline， the overall δ¹⁸O_water slowly reduces， indicating an increase in temperature and fluctuationg salinity. Statistics reveal that vugs and solution-enlarged fractures （43.69 %）， framework pores （32.38 %） and micro-poros are the major pore types of microbial carbonate rocks. The micropores are well connected as organic acid-rich pore fluid inhibiting large-scale cementation and result in the partial preservion of pores with a good connectivity. Thereby， the shallow subtidal to supratidal zones with a development of shallow-up Mirokovich sedimentary cycle for microbial carbonate rocks， combined with the open to semi-open early diagenetic system， are the basis of reservoir porosity development and preservation， and the superposition and transformation of burial diagenetic fluids leads to the overall reduction of porosity.

Key words: pore evolution, diagenetic fluid, microbial carbonate rocks, Leikoupo Formation, Middle Triassic, western Sichuan Basin

CLC Number:

TE122.1

Yixiong QIAN, Hengzhi WU, Lingfang ZHOU, Shaofeng DONG, Qiongxian WANG, Xiaobo SONG, Meizhou DENG, Yong LI. Diagenesis and porosity evolution of microbial carbonate rocks undergone a deep burial history： Taking the Leikoupo Formation of Middle Triassic in western Sichuan Basin as an example[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(1): 55-74.

Figures/Tables 16

Fig. 1

Fig.2

Table 1

Characteristics of cements （calcites， dolomites and quartzes） in microbial carbonate rocks and their vugs and fractures in the Middle Triassic Leikoupo Formation， western Sichuan Basin"

胶结物/阴极发光	样品数量/个	δ¹⁸C_Carb（PDB）/‰			样品数量/个	均一温度Th/℃			δ¹⁸O_carb δ¹⁸O_cement-Water（PDB）/‰			样品数量/个	盐度Wt _NaClequ %
胶结物/阴极发光	样品数量/个	平均值	最大值	最小值	样品数量/个	平均值	最小值	最大值	平均值	最大值	最小值	样品数量/个	平均值（及范围）
D_{0/Anh/暗紫-浅紫红}^［6］	42	1.95	3.10	0.30	—	—	—	—	-1.67	-1.10	-6.60	—	—
D_{0/中橙紫红-浅紫红}^［6］	21	2.08	2.80	0.40	—	—	—	—	-2.28	-1.00	-5.80	—	—
D₀- D_{Ⅰ/中橙红-橙紫红}^［6］	24	2.46	2.90	1.90	—	—	—	—	-4.00	-2.70	-6.80	—	—
C_{AC/RFC /暗紫/不发光/橙黄红}^［6］	14	2.12	2.69	1.70	—	—	—	—	-3.22	1.20	-6.63	—	—
C_{Ⅰ/灰紫-浅黄粉红-橙黄粉红}	15	-4.75	-3.46	-6.68	10	61.8	50.2	68.0	-2.32	-1.16	-3.70	8	21.9（19.21 ~ 22.78）
C_{Ⅱ-1/暗紫-不发光}	26	-8.13	-6.20	-10.60	48	78.9	66.0	91.0	-5.25	-3.31	-7.65	21	1.7（0.71 ~ 5.56）
C_{Ⅱ-2/不发光}	26	-6.62	-4.30	-11.70	48	—	—	—	—	—	—	21	—
C_{Ⅲ-1/暗紫-橙黄红-亮粉红}	18	-7.70	-6.80	-12.29	347	111.1	86.5	129.8	-6.21	-4.73	-10.52	65	15.2（8.58 ~ 23.50）
C_{Ⅲ-2/暗紫-橙黄红-亮粉红}	18	-7.70	-6.80	-12.29	176	116.6	76.0	165.9	-6.34	-4.24	-11.21	130	11.3（6.45 ~ 23.18）
C_{Ⅳ-1/浅紫红-不发光}	11	-9.75	-7.20	-13.30	91	118.8	91.3	161.2	-8.08	-5.21	-12.06	77	2.2（0.35 ~ 5.71）
C_{Ⅳ-2/浅紫红-不发光}	8	-11.40	-9.40	-14.18	167	140.5	121.8	166.2	-10.00	-7.87	-12.94	58	12.4（6.74 ~ 19.29）
CD_{AC/RFC /暗紫-紫（橙）红}	27	2.11	2.98	1.90	—	—	—	—	-3.17	0.84	-5.84	—	—
D_{Ⅰ/中亮粉红、中粉紫红}	12	-4.51	-3.94	-5.91	1	43.0	—	—	-0.83	—	—	—	—
D_{Ⅱ/暗紫红-粉红/玫瑰-紫红}	11	-6.02	-4.41	-7.22	75	100.7	62.3	124.7	-4.46	-1.98	-5.96	13	5.0（0.35 ~ 9.73）
D_{Ⅲ/玫瑰红-紫红/亮橙红}	4	-5.97	-5.69	-6.77	156	115.6	92.5	143.1	-4.77	-3.98	-5.87	30	13.8（10.01 ~ 18.63）
D_{Ⅲ-Ⅳ/玫瑰红-亮橙红}	2	—	—	—	36	116.4	78.0	149.0	—	—	—	36	11.6（1.40 ~ 23.18）
D_{Ⅳ-1/浅紫红-玫瑰红/亮橙红}	4	-8.55	-7.44	-10.45	94	138.9	124.6	164.2	-7.34	-6.14	-9.39	15	9.2（1.40 ~ 10.73）
D_{Ⅳ-2/浅紫红-玫瑰红/亮橙红}	4	-8.55	-7.44	-10.45	138	148.4	125.7	192.5	-7.49	-6.16	-9.70	25	16.9（11.22 ~ 21.68）
Q_/不发光	8	—	—	—	—	156.8	140.0	168.0	—	—	—	—	11.9（9.60 ~ 15.76）

Table 1

Fig.3

Fig.4

Table.2

Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes， △47， T-△47 values of carbonate rocks （fluids） in the Maantang-Leikoupo Formations in the Middle and Upper Triassic， western Sichuan Basin"

样号	埋深/m	层位	对象/CL发光	δ¹³C_carb（PDB）/‰	δ¹⁸O_carb（PDB）/‰	△47 （ARF）	△47（STF）	δ¹³C_carb（PDB）平均值/‰	δ¹⁸O_carb（PDB）平均值/‰	△47 平均值	T-△47（℃）	δ¹⁸O_水（PDB）/ ‰^［30-31］
XS1-21101	5 520.20	T₃m	粗枝藻-有孔虫凝块石灰岩/ 橙黄红-C_0b	2.01	-4.81	0.4802	0.470	2.02	-4.93	0.451	172	-4.53
XS1-21101	5 520.20	T₃m	粗枝藻-有孔虫凝块石灰岩/ 橙黄红-C_0b	2.03	-5.05	0.4200	0.432
XS1-21104	5 525.62	T₃m	去云化的泥粉晶云岩/ 紫红/-D₀-D_Ⅰ	2.05	-4.95	0.4570	0.447	2.02	-5.28	0.477	145	-4.60
				2.07	-5.29	0.4790	0.493
				1.93	-5.60	0.4770	0.490
XS1-21201	5 547.36	T₂l⁴	藻纹层灰质粉晶云岩/暗紫红/D_Ⅰ	2.56	-1.22	0.5648	0.553	2.61	-1.28	0.535	99	-0.94
XS1-21201	5 547.36	T₂l⁴	藻纹层灰质粉晶云岩/暗紫红/D_Ⅰ	2.67	-1.33	0.5020	0.517
XQS1-21101	5 702.72	T₃m	弱白云石化生屑凝块石灰岩/ 暗橙红/DC_0T	1.77	-6.87	0.4093	0.399	1.73	-6.95	0.404	239	-6.68
XQS1-21101	5 702.72	T₃m	弱白云石化生屑凝块石灰岩/ 暗橙红/DC_0T	1.69	-7.02	0.3970	0.409
XQS1-21201	5 706.50	T₃m	含生屑藻纹层泥晶云岩/ 橘红色/D_0bS	2.51	-2.55	0.4618	0.451	2.48	-2.68	0.449	175	-2.45
XQS1-21201	5 706.50	T₃m	含生屑藻纹层泥晶云岩/ 橘红色/D_0bS	2.45	-2.82	0.4340	0.446
YX1-206	5 714.76	T₂l⁴	去云化泥粉晶云岩/橙红/ C（D₀-D_Ⅰ）	1.40	-2.84	0.5162	0.505	1.42	-2.91	0.489	134	-2.47
YX1-206	5 714.76	T₂l⁴	去云化泥粉晶云岩/橙红/ C（D₀-D_Ⅰ）	1.45	-2.99	0.4600	0.473
YX1-207	5 714.90	T₂l⁴	去云化泥粉晶云岩/中橙红/ C（D₀-D_Ⅰ）	0.87	-2.38	0.5412	0.530	1.09	-2.13	0.524	106	-1.63
YX1-207	5 714.90	T₂l⁴	去云化泥粉晶云岩/中橙红/ C（D₀-D_Ⅰ）	1.32	-1.88	0.5040	0.519
YX1-214	5 716.78	T₂l⁴	泥粉晶云岩/中等橙红/D₀-D_Ⅰ	0.91	-2.82	0.5578	0.546	0.93	-2.92	0.543	94	-2.06
YX1-214	5 716.78	T₂l⁴	泥粉晶云岩/中等橙红/D₀-D_Ⅰ	0.94	-3.03	0.5240	0.539
DYS1-010	5 874.23	T₂l^4（3下）	泥粉晶云岩、弱重结晶/中橙红/D₀-D_Ⅰ	2.45	-0.95	0.5211	0.510	2.38	-1.27	0.540	95	-0.91
				2.35	-1.32	0.5370	0.552
				2.33	-1.53	0.5430	0.558
MJ1-002	6 148.20	T₂l^4（3上）	去云化藻球粒粉晶云岩/中橙红/ CD_ⅠP	2.39	-4.56	0.4976	0.487	2.44	-4.50	0.502	123	-3.69
MJ1-002	6 148.20	T₂l^4（3上）	去云化藻球粒粉晶云岩/中橙红/ CD_ⅠP	2.50	-4.44	0.5040	0.518
MJ1-003	6 148.32	T₂l^4（3上）	藻纹层-球粒泥粉晶云岩（橙红） D_ⅠPS	2.53	-4.24	0.4955	0.485	2.41	-4.54	0.476	146	-3.96
MJ1-003	6 148.32	T₂l^4（3上）	藻纹层-球粒泥粉晶云岩（橙红） D_ⅠPS	2.29	-4.84	0.4530	0.466
SYS1-029	6 177.41	T₂l⁴	弱云化含生屑藻球粒灰岩/ 中暗紫/DC_0bp	1.09	-5.94	0.4414	0.431	1.07	-6.11	0.423	209	-5.78
SYS1-029	6 177.41	T₂l⁴	弱云化含生屑藻球粒灰岩/ 中暗紫/DC_0bp	1.05	-6.28	0.4030	0.414
SYS1-046	6 180.10	T₂l⁴	弱云化藻球粒灰岩/中等紫/DC_0p	2.45	-2.34	0.5781	0.567	2.44	-2.44	0.557	85	-1.68
SYS1-046	6 180.10	T₂l⁴	弱云化藻球粒灰岩/中等紫/DC_0p	2.43	-2.55	0.5320	0.547
XSXQ-17076		T₂l²	藻纹层泥晶云岩/暗紫/D_0S	2.71	-1.50	0.6317	0.620	2.65	-1.83	0.641	43	-0.34
				2.61	-2.02	0.6480	0.667
				2.63	-1.97	0.6190	0.637
XSXQ-070		T₂l²	含膏泥晶云岩/中等紫/D₀	1.96	-0.18	0.5965	0.576	1.96	-0.18	0.594	64.7	-0.08
XSXQ-070		T₂l²	含膏泥晶云岩/中等紫/D₀			0.6116	0.612
YL-128		T₂l²	含膏泥晶云岩/中等紫/D₀	-0.29	-8.07	0.6337	0.610	0.02	-0.33	0.610	56.5	-3.03
				-0.28	-8.14	0.5875	0.593
				-0.28	-8.13	0.6225	0.628

Table.2

Fig. 5

Fig.6

Fig.7

Fig.8

Fig.9

Fig.10

Fig.11

Fig.12

Fig.13

Fig.14

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Diagenesis and porosity evolution of microbial carbonate rocks undergone a deep burial history： Taking the Leikoupo Formation of Middle Triassic in western Sichuan Basin as an example

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