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    25 March 1982, Volume 3 Issue 1
    THE GENERATION AND EVOLUTION OF PETROLEUM OF THE SALINE QIANJIANG FORMATION IN JIANGHAN BASIN
    Jiang Jigang, Zhang Qian
    1982, 3(1):  1-15.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820101
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    Tertiary Qianjiang formation is rich in gypsum and salt.The content of chlorine ions in argillites is 0.1—1.5%,the average content of organic carbon and hydrocarbon is 0.61%,996 ppm respectively.The kerogen in Qianjiang formation is of mixed type with a higher genetic potential for petroleum.The normal-paraffins of source rocks from Qianjiang formation mostly fall in the C22-C34,and show a distinct even-odd predominance with EOP values from<1 to 1 approximately.During the deposition of this formation,in part of the fringing areas where the sedimentary layers have relatively nor-mal water salinity,the normal-paraffins also show a odd-even predominance with OEP values from>1 to 1 approximately.These two predominance corres-pond to each other,but the former is the major one.Therefore,the authors consider that the even-odd predominance is the main path of the hydrocar-bon evolution in source rocks of salt lake facies.Among the isoprenoid alkanes in source rocks of Qianjiang formation,phytanes are predominant with pristane-phytane ratios(pr/ph)<1.Because of the well developed gypsum and salt and the lower geothermal gradient(2.3—3.0℃/100m)in the Jianghan basin,the evolution rate is slower and the buried depth is deeper than that of the organic matters in common continental source rocks.In Qianjiang formation,the petroleum generation threshold is about 2000m,mature threshold 2800m,petroleum genera-tion peak 3700m and the lower limit of liquid petroleum generation 4600m.Therefore the thickness of liquid window of hydrocarbon can be up to 2600m.The crude oil in Qianjiang formation can be classified into low-matured oil and matured oil.Its maturity is basically coincident with the maturity of source rocks,which reflects its features of close to oil source,short-distance migration,and which shows oil is generated from and reservoired in Qianjiang formation itself.

    THE SHEAR STRUCTURE FEATURES IN BOHAI BAY OIL AND GAS-BEARING BASIN
    Lia Dianzhong
    1982, 3(1):  16-24.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820102
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    Bohai Bay Basin is a Tertiary oil and gas-bearing fault basin of the 2nd subsiding belt of Neocathaysian in eastern China.Its basic outline is a reversed S-shape.Two groups of major faults,striking in NE and NW,have divided the basin into fault blocks in different size.These fault blocks,their unequilibrium shearing movements in space,control the formation of source sags(depressions)and the development of structural traces in different order.The repetition of these structural traces in different order have formed shear structure patterns in different type and size,among which the most common ones are ξ-type structure,λ-type structure,check-form structure,broom-like structure,etc.Those shear structure patterns are the main types of secondary structural belts which control the oil and gas accumulation within the basin.The major structural belts of ξ-type faults and broom-like faults are especially favorable to accumulation of oil and gas,and very often they turned into oil and gas-enriched belts.On the one hand the structural belts normally occurred together within the source sags or at the side of the source sags,with sufficient oil source,on the other hand they themselves not only have varied type of good traps but also have good reservoirs.So,some of the major fields within the basin are mainly located in these faulted strutural belts.The generation of the shear structure patterns mentioined above results from the mechanism of regional right lateral shear stress of NS trend.To recognize the above-mentioned features of various shear structures,their development law and their control of oil and gas occurrence will be of great value for guiding exploration and development of oil and gas in this basin or similar basins.

    UTILIZATION OF THE COMBINATION OF LOG SHAPES FOR EXPLANATION OF THE SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT
    Ma Zheng
    1982, 3(1):  25-40.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820103
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    The variation of sorting,grain size and clay content is controlled by hy-drodynamic conditions.Each environment follows its own special law in hy-drodynamic properties and evolution.They may control sand distribution,sequence and log shape,with the last one reflecting the first two macro-scopic sedimentary characters(in this paper,the log refers mainly to SPcurve).Consequently,the combinations of log shapes in various environments are different.Synthesizing the characteristics of log such as amplitude,sha-pe,upper and lower contact,smooth or serrated degree,combination of logshape,and combining them with other geologic logging,we can reach a cor-rect conclusion on sedimentary environment.In eastern China,Tertiary faulted lake basins contain many kinds of en-vironments such as alluvial fans,braided and meandering streams,deltas,littoral beaches and bars,subaqueous alluvial fans,sebaqueous channels ofdensity current and turbidity current(deep Water).This paper summarizesthe characters of logs for the environments mentioned above,including thoseof single serration and combinations of log shapes reflecting the sequenceand their relations with geologic background.In the stage of exploration,a comprehensive interpretation of the charactersof these logs is helpful to geologists in explaining sedimentary environmentsand predicting distribution of sandbodies.So it is an useful method.

    CLASSIFICATION AND ORIGIN OF ONCOLITE
    He Ziai
    1982, 3(1):  41-48.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820104
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    Oncolites are formed through the capturing of sedimentary particales by blue algae and the sticking by viscous liquid substance of algal mats.Therefore,in the Middle Triassic of Guizhou province,they often have alga mats as the base on whieh they develop,and are always closely associated with them.The core and the laminate are two essential components of an oncolite,with the former being its foundation of formation and the latter being a record of its evolution.The form of an oncolite depends on a lot of factors,so it may be different within the same energy zone.The microcrystallized laminate and the condensed laminate represent two characteristically different modes of formation,namely,the dynamic and the static.Based on this,oncolites can be divided into three types:1)the dynamic type;2)the static type;and 3)the composite dynamic and static type.The third type can be,according to the character of the last generation of lamination,subdivided into two subtypes:the dynamically terminated composite one and the statically terminated composite one.This subdivision is suitable because the forms of oncolites of the composite type depend to a large extent on the character of the last generation of lamination.The form of an oncolite is controlled by three factors:1).The form and size of core:This factor obviously affects only the dynamic type of oncolites,particularly when the thickness of initial laminate in comparing with the radius of core is small,and is not thick enough to counteract or compensate the influence of the form of core,with the thickening of laminate,the controlling effect of the core would decrease and,finally,disappear.2).The hydrodynamic intensity:This factor may influence to a large degree the configuration of an oncolite.The disturbed environment is favorable for the formation of microcrystallized lamination and configuration similar to those of ooids;the static environment is favorable for the growth of algae and the formation of condensed lamination and configuration similar to those of algal nodules.3).The abundant viscous liquid substance of algal base:Under the influence of the coherent force of this substance,oncolites in the same hydrodynamic environment may repeatedly roll here but keep still there.This substance can thus disturb and destroy the results made by hydrodynamic process.It is due to this influence that oncolites on two different reef bodies of a major barrier reef are distinctly different,namely the oncolites formed in Longtou are of a dynamic type,but in Nidang they are of a static type or a composite dynamic-static type.

    DEEP WATER CARBONATE DEBRIS FLOW IN THE MIDDLE ORDOVICIAN PINGLIANG FORMATION OF FUPING,SHAANXI
    Mei Zhichao, Chen Jingwei, Lu Huanyong, Li Wenhou
    1982, 3(1):  49-56.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820105
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    A chaotically brecciated limestone is found in the Pingliang formation of the Middle Ordovician in Fuping area,Shaanxi province.It occurs as bedded or sheet strata in,and in sharp contact with,the foliated and thinly tabular limestones.The fragments of it are highly varied in size and chaotically distributed,with the giant being 1?7m or larger.This limestone is lack of stratification and sorting,in which floating boulders and blocks are scattered in the matrix of finer clasts.These features show that it is of deep water carbonate sediments of debris.This limestone is dominantly composed of breccias of inner basin source.These clasts,formed by gravity sliding of consolidated or semiconsolidated sedimentary layers on slope of deep water basin,are transported by gravity and have accumulated on the margin of the basin floor.In the Middle Ordovician,the Fuping area was located on the northern margin of the deep water basin,where the maximum water depth was nearly one thousand metres.After the deposition of the Early Ordovician Majiagou formation,this area was subsided to form a deep water basin on the continental margin,by the tension fracturing of the back-arc basin on the northern side of the Qinling and Qilian Mountains.

    A PRELIMINARY STUDY OF THE PROSPECTS OF COALFORMED GAS IN CARBONIFEROUS-PERMIAN SYSTEM IN XU-HUAI REGION
    Zhang Yonghong
    1982, 3(1):  57-66.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820106
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    Xuzhou-Huaibei-Huainan region is one of the major coal industry bases in China.Around it are Mesozoic-Cenozoic overlaping basins of Zhoukou,Huangkou,Hefei,etc.,which are the major prospective areas for explorating the natural gas formed by the metamorphism of coal-bearing formation.The Carboniferous-Permian coal seams within this region are about 5-30m in thickness,with sufficient gas source.In the step-faulted zone in the east of Zhoukou basin and the deep-seated areas in both east and west ends of Huainan syclinorium,the source rocks of gas is well developed.During its deep-buried process the regenerated gas was also formed.Additionally there exist anticline structure and other types of trap,so this region is the main accumulation area of coal formed gas,a major prospective area for exploration.Deep segs in the central basin are places to search for overpressured gas.

    A STUDY ON ORGANIC MATTER AND THE EVALUATION OF PETROLEUM GENERATION POTENTIAL OF UPPER TRIASSIC MAANTANG FORMATION AND XIAOTANGZI FORMATION IN NORTHWESTERN SICHUAN
    Bei Feng
    1982, 3(1):  67-74.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820107
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    Maantang formation is of marine limestone,argillite and siltstone,while Xiaotangzi formation is mainly composed of delta-front deposit of tran sition zone from marine to land,rich in marine and terrigenous plant fossils.In the past,they were considered as one of the major source beds in northwestern Sichuan.On the basis of analyses by various mordern apparatus,the author made a study of geochemical features of kerogen in these two formations,we concluded that both of the two formations had been hydrocarbon-generating,but neither of them is a good source rock.In comparison between the two,Maantang formation is better than Xiaotangzi fomation.

    THE PROSPECTS OF PETROLEUM EXPLORATION OF PERMO-CARBONIFEROUS IN JUNGGAR BASIN
    Zhao Bai
    1982, 3(1):  75-80.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820108
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    Junggar is a huge faulted basin and is covered by sedimentary rocks constituting about 130000km2.The Middle and Upper Carboniferous,the Permian,and the complete Meso-Cenozoic sediments are developed on the Variscian folded basement.The Middle and Upper Carboniferous are marine,transitional and continental deposits.The Permian belong to continental deposits.Both of them are multi-depocenter clastic rocks with abundant organic matters.According to the main geochmical indexes of petroleum generation,they should be the main source rocks in this basin.During Meso-Cenozoic,the southern part of the basin developed into deep depression,while the northern part gradually became a southtilting slope.So it is most favorable to the Permo-Carboniferous hydrocarbons to migrate and accumulate toward the northern marginal zone,in which the prospecting for oil would be more effective.

    ON THE GEOLOGIC TYPE AND GENESIS OF THE CYCULAR IMAGES OF NANPANJIANG AREA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO PETRLEUM PROPECTING
    Wang Shizhao
    1982, 3(1):  81-87.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820109
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    Most of Nanpinjing area among the foundary of Dian-Qian-Gui district are covered with Triassic clastic rocks,and is developed here and there with faults,folds,as well as with dense vegetation.Therefore,most of geological characteristics in this area can hardly be found out with conventional geological methods,however,interpretions of Landsat images would presents a better results.This articale is only concerned with the 109 cycular images of Landsat in this area,they can be divided into seven types:1.Longhuo type(surface dome);2.Longpang type(surface basin-like syncline);3.Balin type(dome on surface and in subsurface);4.Zhumushan type(basement dome);5.Daima type(rotated and rolled structure);6.Lugu type(depressed in deep but domed near surface);7.Sanxiangdong type(underground intrusive rocks).This paper deals with their regularity of distribution in space and their relationships to rifts,intrusives and geothermal active zones.As a result,we points out that they are highly coincident with the present gravity and magnetic anomaly.The author considered that a lot of cycular images in this area which correspond to surface positive and negative dome structure may be intrusives if it is tracked toward the depth.Thus,the sedimentary developing pattern of dome structure covered with Triassic clastic rock is established.The cycular images with different sizes,definite or ambiguous figures are some results of the geological bodies of underground depth(intrusive or geothermal bodies)with some components escaped and with different depth affecting the surface.Peeping the oil and gas potential of Nanpanjiang depresston from the satellit images,Zanba and Balin cycular images are the best districts favourable in prospecting.

    SOME CHEMICAL PROBLEMS IN CLASSIFICATION OF OIL FIELD WATER OF JIANGLING DEPRESSION
    Shi Xianqian, Jiang Naixiong, Li Qingzi
    1982, 3(1):  89-98.  doi:10.11743/ogg19820111
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    The Study of class separation in chemical composition of oil field water in Jiangling depression,using a multidimentional space non-linear mapping method combined with linear statistic analysis,is our example of applying a computerized pattern recognition technique to the classification study of oil field water.The Jiangling depression is a part of Jianghan Basin developed in Cretaceous-Tertiary.During its process of continuously sinking,having a dry or semi-dry,restricted or semi-restricted interior lake sedimentary environment,the calcium mirabilite rocks and salt rocks were developed.Faults are well developed in the depression,so the oil water relations are complicated.It was proved by the above mentioned pattern recognition method that there is a good correlation between the concentration of divalent ions(such as SO42-,Ca2+,Mg2+,etc.)in the oil field water of Jiangling depression and oil-bearing conditions,and the positive correlation between SO42- and the oil-bearing conditions seems different from the traditional viewpiont of oil field water investigations.In order to interpret this result,we measured some solubility relations in the solution of simulated oil field water samples.It was noticed that in oil field water samples of Jiangling depression the Ca2+ concentration often decreased with the increasing of SO42- concentration.It seemed to indicate that many of the sambles were almost CaSO4 saturated.We measured the solubility of CaSO4 in some simulated solutions and plotted a diagram of the equation log(f±(0))/(f±)-(ΣC)1/3 to show the saturation region of CaSO4 in oil field water based on a diffuse-lattice model of electrolyte solutions.This experiment proved that the concentration of CaSO4 in the water associated with oil was often saturated or nearly saturated.Therefore the concentration of CaSO4 in oil field water can be used as a good indicator for oil exploration and development in this region.Since salt and gypsum are well developed in the reservoir rocks in Jiangling depression, which is shown by geological conditions,it is not difficult to understand this relation.