渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷陆相断陷湖盆中-低成熟度页岩“富烃-成储-富集-高产”的理论认识与开发实践

doi:10.11743/ogg20240515

Abstract

Abstract:

The Jiyang Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin boasts abundant shale oil resources， with a preliminary estimate of over 10 billion t. Analyzing， investigating， and summarizing theories on the formation， enrichment， and high-yield nature of shale oil are significant for guiding shale oil exploration and production efforts in this region. We systematically examine the formation and evolutionary characteristics of organic matter， as well as the enrichment and mobility of shale oil， in two major shale oil-bearing sequences in the Jiyang Depression： the upper submember of the 4^th member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation （also referred to as the Sha 4 Member） and the lower submember of the 3^rd member of the Formation （also referred to as the Sha 3 Member）. Accordingly， the theoretical understanding of the hydrocarbon generation， reservoir formation， and shale oil enrichment and high-yield nature of middle- to-low maturity shales is proposed for the faulted lacustrine basin in the depression. The results indicate that shales in this basin exhibit a high abundance of organic matter and medium-to-low maturity during deposition. These characteristics establish the shales as high-quality source rocks with high hydrocarbon-generating potential and low activation energy for hydrocarbon generation. During the deposition of shales in the Shahejie Formation within the Jiyang Depression， lipoid compounds such as halophilic bacteria and algae were present in saline water bodies， resulting in the high paleoproductivity of organic matter， low activation energy for hydrocarbon generation in sulfur-rich organic facies， and high hydrocarbon conversion rate. Additionally， the depositional period of the shales was marked by early hydrocarbon generation and expulsion， with the free oil content peaking at a vitrinite reflectance （R_o） value of approximately 0.65 %. The organic-rich layers and porous laminae， frequently interbedded， display regular distributions and a favorable source-reservoir configuration. The thick shale sequences generally exhibit high pressure as their self-sealing performance remains undestroyed by low-order faults in the sub-sag zone. The shale oil-bearing sequences largely consist of laminated carbonate-rich shales and laminated mixed shales. Both types of lithofacies exhibit the characteristics of high-quality shale oil sweet spots， as evidenced by shale oil enrichment governed by laminae and shale oil flow influenced by fracture networks， with the lamina assemblages determining the distribution of reservoir spaces. The spatial coupling of multi-scale and multi-type matrix microfractures with induced fracture networks forms an efficient seepage system with superimposed natural and artificial multi-scale fracture networks in shales. Consequently， the shales demonstrate oil enrichment throughout all shale sequences of the laminated framework.

Key words: hydrocarbon generation-accumulation-flow characteristics, laminated lithofacies assemblage, shale oil development, medium-to-low maturity shale, Shahejie Formation, Jiyang Depression, Bohai Bay Basin

CLC Number:

TE122.1

Liangtian NI, Yushan DU, Long JIANG, Hongxia SUN, Ziyan CHENG, Zupeng LIU, Jianhua ZHONG, Zenghui CAO, Cunfei MA. Medium-to-low maturity shales in the faulted lacustrine basin in Jiyang Depression，Bohai Bay Basin： Theoretical understanding of their hydrocarbon generation， reservoir formation， and shale oil enrichment and high-yield nature and exploitation practices[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(5): 1417-1430.

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国家或地区	湖泊	面积/km²	湖水盐度/‰	湖泊生产力/ ［g（以含碳量计算）/（m²·a）］	营养水平	藻类含量/（g/cm³）	总磷含量/ （mg/m³）	总氮含量/ （mg/m³）
北美	安大略湖	19 500.0	<1.00	180	贫养	<0.8	<5	<300
瑞士	苏黎世湖	88.5	<1.00	200	中养	0.3～1.9	5～20	300～500
东非	坦噶尼喀湖	32 900.0	0.53	430	富养	1.2～2.5	20～100	350～600
中国	青海湖	4 625.6	9.50	200	中养	1.6～4.8	660	<300
美国	大盐湖	2 460.0～6 200.0	150.00～288.00	145～1 800	超养	2.1～20.0	>100	>1 000

层位	古湖泊盐度类型	古生产力/［g/（m²·a）］	TOC平均值/%	转化率/%
沙三下2次亚段	淡水	165	1.0	1.1
沙三下3次亚段	微咸水	624	3.6	8.7
沙四上纯上次亚段	咸水-半咸水	1 625	2.8	8.7
沙四上纯下次压段	盐水-咸水	1 115	2.0	9.0

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[2]	Chenglong LIU, Yanzhong WANG, Huaiyu YANG, Yingchang CAO, Shuping WANG, Chaofan GUO, Hao GUO, Zhaoxiang CHEN, Linkun SONG, Xinyuan HUANG. Fine characterization and lithologic trap distribution patterns of delta-beach bar sedimentary system under high-precision sequence constraints： A case study of the upper submember of the 4^th member of the Shahejie Formation in the eastern segment of the southern gentle slope of Dongying Sag， Jiyang Depression， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(4): 1121-1141.
[3]	Qianwen LI. Wettability and its major determinants of shale reservoirs in the Shahejie Formation， Dongying Sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(4): 1142-1154.
[4]	Huimin LIU, Youshu BAO, Maowen LI, Zheng LI, Lianbo WU, Rifang ZHU, Dayang WANG, Xin WANG. Geochemical parameters for evaluating shale oil enrichment and mobility： A case study of shales in the Bakken Formation， Williston Basin and the Shahejie Formation， Jiyang Depression [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 622-636.
[5]	Xiugang PU, Jiangchang DONG, Gongquan CHAI, Shunyao SONG, Zhannan SHI, Wenzhong HAN, Wei ZHANG, Delu XIE. Enrichment model of high-abundance organic matter in shales in the 2^nd member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation， Cangdong Sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 696-709.
[6]	Rui LOU, Yonghe SUN, Zhongqiao ZHANG. Segmented growth of low-angle normal faults in the western Bonan swell，Bohai Bay Basin and its petroleum geological significance [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 710-721.
[7]	Zaihua HAN, Hua LIU, Lanquan ZHAO, Jingdong LIU, Lijuan YIN, Lei LI. Source rock-reservoir assemblage types and differential oil enrichment model in tight （low-permeability） sandstone reservoirs in the Paleocene Shahejie Formation in the Linnan Sub-sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(3): 722-738.
[8]	Changyin SHAO, Fan SONG, Shiqi ZHANG, Qiuyue WANG. Architectural characteristics of beach-bar reservoirs in the lower submember of the 2^nd member of the Paleogene Dongying Formation in block SC7， Huanghekou Sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(2): 486-501.
[9]	Wenzhi LEI, Dongxia CHEN, Yongshi WANG, Jianqiang GONG, Yibo QIU, Qiaochu WANG, Ming CHENG, Chenyang CAI. Accumulation mechanism and model of multi-type deep coarse-grained siliciclastic reservoirs in the eastern Jiyang Depression， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(1): 113-129.
[10]	Hongguo ZHANG, Haifeng YANG, Wen SU, Chunqiang XU, Zhi HUANG, Yanjun CHENG. Key stages in hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in layers outside source rocks and the evaluation methods related： A case study of the lower member of the Minghuazhen Formation， Bozhong Sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2024, 45(1): 281-292.
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[12]	Lijun MI, Jianyong XU, Wei LI. Shale oil resource potential in the Bohai Sea area [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1366-1377.
[13]	Huimin LIU, Zheng LI, Youshu BAO, Shouchun ZHANG, Weiqing WANG, Lianbo WU, Yong WANG, Rifang ZHU, Zhengwei FANG, Shun ZHANG, Peng LIU, Min WANG. Geology of shales in prolific shale-oil well BYP5 in the Jiyang Depression， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(6): 1405-1417.
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[15]	Junliang LI, Xin WANG, Weiqing WANG, Bo LI, Jianhui ZENG, Kunkun JIA, Juncheng QIAO, Kangting WANG. Influence of sand-mud assemblages in tight sandstones on reservoir storage spaces： A case study of the lower submember of the 3^rd member of the Paleogene Shahejie Formation in the Linnan sub-sag， Bohai Bay Basin [J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2023, 44(5): 1173-1187.

Medium-to-low maturity shales in the faulted lacustrine basin in Jiyang Depression，Bohai Bay Basin： Theoretical understanding of their hydrocarbon generation， reservoir formation， and shale oil enrichment and high-yield nature and exploitation practices

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