渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷古近系孔店组二段页岩高丰度有机质富集模式
Enrichment model of high-abundance organic matter in shales in the 2nd member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation, Cangdong Sag, Bohai Bay Basin
通讯作者: 董姜畅(1996—),男,工程师,有机地球化学及油气勘探。E-mail:dongjiangchuang@petrochina.com.cn。
编辑: 张亚雄
收稿日期: 2023-10-30 修回日期: 2024-05-10
基金项目: |
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Received: 2023-10-30 Revised: 2024-05-10
第一作者简介 About authors
蒲秀刚(1968—),男,博士、教授级高级工程师,沉积储层、油气成藏、页岩油勘探开发。E-mail:
渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷古近系孔店组二段(孔二段)页岩有机质丰度高,具有良好的页岩油勘探潜力,但由于缺乏精细的地球化学研究,有机质富集机理尚不清晰。通过开展全岩X射线衍射、全岩光片显微组分、岩石热解、总有机碳含量(TOC)、饱和烃色谱-质谱、单体烃碳同位素、主量元素与微量元素分析测试,研究了沧东凹陷孔二段页岩有机质富集的影响因素与模式。研究结果表明:孔二段页岩有机质富集受陆源碎屑输入、古生产力、古气候、古水深和古盐度多种因素影响,这些影响因素通过控制湖盆中菌藻类生物的生长、发育,在五级层序T-R旋回转换期形成高丰度有机质富集段。陆源碎屑输入为湖盆带来的丰富营养物质提高了湖盆生产力;古气候、古水深与古盐度主导了湖盆中水生/陆源有机质贡献比例的变化;细菌活动对有机质的改造提高了页岩H/C原子量比与“腐泥化”程度。以C3开发层系T-R旋回转换期为主的⑧号小层页岩形成于温湿气候、低盐度和水体较深的沉积古环境, TOC平均为2.7 %,游离烃含量(S1)为3.7 mg/g,可动油指数(OSI)为215 mg/g,有机质丰度高、有机质类型较好,是页岩油有利靶窗。
关键词:
Shales in the 2nd member of the Paleogene Kongdian Formation (also referred to as the Kong 2 Member) in the Cangdong Sag contain high-abundance organic matter, showing great potential for shale oil exploration. However, the mechanisms underlying the organic matter enrichment are yet to be clarified due to the lack of fine geochemical research. Given this, we investigate the factors influencing of organic matter enrichment and the enrichment model in the Kong 2 Member shale using whole-rock X-ray diffraction, maceral identification on polished surfaces of whole-rock shale samples, rock pyrolysis, measurement of the total organic carbon (TOC) content, chromatography-mass spectrometry of saturated hydrocarbons, carbon isotopic analysis of monomer hydrocarbons, and the analyses and tests of major and trace elements. The results indicate that the organic matter enrichment inthe Kong 2 Member shale is influenced by multiple factors including terrigenous clastic input, paleoproductivity, paleoclimate, paleo-water depth, and paleosalinity. These factors govern the growth and development of algae and bacteria in the lacustrine basin of the Cangdong Sag, contributing to the formation of organic matter enrichment horizons with high TOC content during the T-R cycle transition period of the fifth-order sequence. Specifically, the terrigenous clastic input introducing abundant nutrients enhanced the biological productivity of the lacustrine basin. The paleoclimate, paleo-water depth, and paleosalinity largely determined the terrigenous/aquatic ratio (TAR) of the lacustrine basin. Furthermore, bacterial activity transformed organic matter, increasing the H/C atomic ratio and the saprofication degree of the shale. Shales in sublayer ⑧, primarily taking shape during the T-R cycle transition, of the C3 layer under development are formed under paleoenvironmental conditions of a warm and humid climate, low salinity, and deep water. This sublayer, with an average TOC content of 2.7 %, S1 of 3.7 mg/g, and producible oil index (POI) of 215 mg/g, boasts high abundance and favorable organic matter types, proving to be favorable landing zone for horizontal wells.
Keywords:
本文引用格式
蒲秀刚, 董姜畅, 柴公权等.
PU Xiugang, DONG Jiangchang, CHAI Gongquan, et al.
沧东凹陷孔二段沉积时期为拗陷型封闭湖盆,周围发育十大物源体系,具有短物源供给、相变快的特点,这导致纵向上页岩岩相组合与有机质丰度表现出较强的非均质性[7-8]。前人使用层序地层学、岩石学对孔二段不同岩相、沉积旋回有机质的分布特征开展了大量研究。其中赵贤正[9-11]等认为五级R旋回与T旋回不同的沉积环境、矿物含量、母质组成控制了有机质的丰度与类型;蒲秀刚等[12]认为孔二段具有韵律性有机质富集特征,有机质富集受陆源输入的影响。陆相页岩分布不同于海相,古环境变化频繁[10-11],有机质富集更易受多种因素制约[13-17]。目前沧东凹陷孔二段页岩缺乏系统的地球化学精细研究,控制有机质分布的影响因素与富集的机理尚不清晰。为此,本文主要通过有机地球化学与元素地球化学方法,探讨了沧东凹陷孔二段页岩高丰度有机质的富集机理与模式,为页岩油甜点的精准预测提供理论依据。
1 区域地质背景
沧东凹陷位于渤海湾盆地南部,夹持于沧县隆起、徐黑凸起及孔店凸起之间,面积约1 800 km2(图1a)。沧东凹陷经历了古近纪同裂谷期和新近纪以来的后裂谷期,在中生界基底自下而上沉积了孔店组、沙河街组和东营组[18-19]。其中,孔二段是在半干旱-潮湿、咸化沉积环境下沉积的一套以暗色泥页岩为主,夹薄层粉砂岩、中-细砂岩与泥质白云岩的地层,厚度为400 ~ 600 m,分布稳定,面积约500 km2,是目前沧东凹陷页岩油的主要勘探层位。孔二段可分为4个亚段:①孔二四亚段[Ek2(4)],湖泛初期,水体开始加深,沉积物粒度较粗,各物源口发育辫状河三角洲-滨浅湖沉积,半深湖-深湖及湖底扇沉积不发育;②孔二三亚段[Ek2(3)],进入湖侵期,水体变深、湖盆面积扩大,以辫状河三角洲-半深湖沉积为主,局部可见湖底扇;③孔二二亚段[Ek2(2)],湖盆可容空间进一步扩大、后期达到最大,以深湖-半深湖沉积为主,局部可见辫状河三角洲和湖底扇沉积;④孔二一亚段[Ek2(1)],湖盆进入萎缩期,物源供给减缓,以辫状河三角洲-滨浅湖沉积为主[20]。赵贤正、蒲秀刚等[21-22]依据岩性组合、测井特征和小波分析等建立了孔二段页岩高频层序地层格架,将孔二段页岩进一步划分为C1—C7共7个页岩油开发层系和21个开发小层(图1b)。
图1
图1
沧东凹陷构造单元划分(a)与孔二段层序地层划分柱状图(b)
Fig. 1
Map showing the structural units in the Cangdong Sag (a) and stratigraphic column of the Kong 2 Member within the sag (b)
2 样品与方法
针对G108-8井孔二段2 915 ~ 3 415 m深度的低熟页岩进行了500 m连续取心,由于低热演化程度对页岩的有机地球化学参数影响较小,为本次研究提供了良好样本。选取1 096个样品开展全岩X射线衍射与烃源岩热解测试,对孔二段页岩进行含油性与甜点评价。从Ek2(2)与Ek2(3)页岩中挑选出32个样品开展全岩X射线衍射、有机碳含量、主量元素、微量元素、饱和烃色谱-质谱分析化验联测确定页岩矿物特征、有机碳含量和沉积环境。由于孔二段页岩生物标志化合物中具有丰富的C30藿烷(C30H),为此挑选8块样品开展饱和烃单体化合物碳同位素分析确定C30藿烷来源。此外,对27个样品进行干酪根元素分析确定页岩有机质类型;对19个样品进行全岩光片显微组分鉴定确定页岩母质特征。所有测试均在长江大学油气资源与勘探技术教育部重点实验室完成。
3 结果
3.1 岩石学特征
图2
图2
沧东凹陷孔二段页岩矿物组成(a)与矿物组分含量三端元图(b)
Fig.2
Diagram showing the mineral composition (a) and ternary plot of the mineral content (b) of the Kong 2 Member shales within the Cangdong Sag
3.2 有机碳含量与干酪根元素特征
图3
图3
沧东凹陷孔二段页岩有机碳含量分布频率直方图(a)与干酪根类型划分(b)
Fig.3
Frequency histogram of the TOC content (a) and diagram showing kerogen types (b) for the Kong 2 Member shales within the Cangdong Sag
3.3 有机显微组分特征
本次采用石油行业标准(SY/T6414—2014)中的有机显微组分的分类方法[23],将孔二段页岩显微组分划分为腐泥组、壳质组、镜质组、惰质组、次生有机组、动物有机碎屑组和矿物沥青基质。结果显示,腐泥组在有机显微组分中占比最高,多以结构藻类体与层状藻类体的形式产出(图4b,d,h),含量介于15.5 % ~ 57.0 %,平均38.1 %;矿物沥青基质含量仅次于腐泥组,平均22.1 %,以细小有机质与细小黏土矿物相伴生的形式存在(图4a,c),为高等植物孢粉、表皮蜡质与低等植物、藻类中不稳定内含物与原生烃类经过细菌微生物改造后产物[24-25];陆源有机质组分(壳质组+镜质组+惰质组)中主要为镜质体与丝质体(图4e—g),平均含量为21.6 %;沥青体与烃类体等次生组分平均含量为18.3 %。综合表明,孔二段页岩母质来源以菌藻类低等生物为主,同时存在部分陆源有机质的输入,且细菌对有机质改造强烈。
图4
图4
沧东凹陷G108-8井孔二段页岩典型有机显微组分镜下特征照片
a.埋深3 050.26 m,矿物沥青基质,白光;b.埋深3 050.26 m,结构藻类体、矿物沥青基质,荧光;c.埋深3 092.76 m,矿物沥青基质,白光;d.埋深3 092.76 m,结构藻类体、矿物沥青基质,荧光;e. 埋深3 162.57m,镜质体、矿物沥青基质,白光;f.埋深3 162.57m,镜质体、层状藻、矿物沥青基质,荧光;g.埋深3 248.82 m,丝质体、层状藻类体,白光;h.埋深3 248.82 m,丝质体、层状藻类体,荧光
Fig. 4
Photomicrographs showing typical macerals in the Kong 2 Member shales in well G108-8 in the Cangdong Sag
3.4 分子地球化学特征
3.4.1 正构烷烃
陆生/水生有机质比值(TAR),定义为(nC27+nC29+nC31)/(nC15+nC17+nC19),可以表征页岩陆生与水生有机质的相对输入,TAR值随水生生物贡献增多而降低[26-28]。生烃母质、成熟度与生物降解等因素均会影响正构烷烃的分布,从而导致TAR值变化[29]。生物降解会导致正构烷烃和多环芳烃化合物缺失引起基线漂移,出现一个明显的由不可分辨化合物(unresolved complex mixture,UCM)组成的鼓包,孔二段页岩正构烷烃分布完整,无UCM鼓包[30],表明样品未遭受生物降解(图5a,b),且样品热演化程度较低。这表明,TAR值差异主要为生烃母质差异导致,可以有效指示页岩陆生与水生有机质的相对输入。
图5
图5
沧东凹陷G108-8井孔二段页岩正构烷烃与生物标志化合物特征
a. 埋深3 020.09 m,页岩抽提物饱和烃正构烷烃质量色谱图;b. 埋深3 162.57 m,页岩抽提物饱和烃正构烷烃质量色谱图;c. 埋深3 020.09 m,页岩抽提物藿烷和伽马蜡烷质量色谱图;d. 埋深3 020.09 m,页岩抽提物甾烷质量色谱图;e. 埋深3 020.09 m,页岩抽提物饱和烃色谱—质谱总离子流图(TIC);f. 埋深3 020.09 m,页岩抽提物饱和烃藿烷与甾烷质量色谱叠合图
Fig. 5
Characteristics of n-alkanes and biomarkers in shales in the Kong 2 Member in well G108-8 in the Cangdong Sag
图6
图6
沧东凹陷孔二段页岩微量元素指标与生物标志化合物参数纵向变化特征
Fig. 6
Vertical variations in the trace element indices and biomarker parameters of shales in the Kong 2 Member, Cangdong Sag
3.4.2 生物标志化合物
3.4.3 单体化合物碳同位素特征
3.5 页岩元素地球化学特征
页岩元素地球化学保存了丰富的古环境信息,是分析有机质富集的重要手段之一,主量元素Al,Ti,Mn与微量元素V,U,Th,Sr,Ba,Cu,Zn,Zr在不同沉积环境中富集程度不同,可以作为恢复古沉积环境的参数[45-46]。沧东凹陷孔二段页岩岩心样品X射线荧光光谱显示,常量元素Al,Ti和Mn元素含量分别为3.10 % ~ 8.10 %,0.20 % ~ 0.50 %和0.04 % ~ 0.20 %;微量元素V,Sr,Ba,Zr和Ni含量分别为(7.49 ~ 107.14)×10-6,(189.85 ~ 2 392.44)×10-6,(172.26 ~ 673.03)×10-6,(86.50 ~ 412.30)×10-6和(8.00 ~ 429.00)×10-6;营养元素Zn含量为(76.50 ~ 186.70)×10-6。盐度指标Sr/Ba元素含量比值介于0.45 ~ 5.25,均值为1.80;氧化还原指标V/(V+Ni)元素含量比值介于0.19 ~ 0.83,均值为0.56;陆源碎屑输入指标Ti/Al元素含量比值介于0.04 ~ 0.07,平均0.05;气候指标Sr/Cu元素含量比值介于1.80 ~ 12.10,平均6.10;古水深参数Zr/Al元素含量比值介于0.70 ~ 1.90,平均1.10(图6)。
纵向上地化参数与TOC在8个完整五级旋回上呈现规律性频繁的高—低变化。其中,营养元素Zn含量与TOC的变化趋势一致,水深参数Zr/Al、气候参数Sr/Cu、盐度参数Sr/Ba与TOC的变化趋势则完全相反。T旋回TOC增大,Cu和Zn含量增高,Zr/Al,Sr/Cu和Sr/Ba比值降低(图6)。
4 讨论
4.1 有机质富集影响因素
4.1.1 陆源碎屑输入与古生产力
图7
图7
沧东凹陷G108-8井孔二段页岩TOC与陆源碎屑输入(a)、氧化还原条件(b)、盐度(c)、古气候(d)、古水深(e)相关性及长英质矿物含量与Zn元素含量关系(f)
a.埋深3 019 ~ 3 300 m,陆源碎屑输入参数Ti/Al和TOC关系;b.埋深3 019 ~ 3 300 m,氧化还原参数V/(V+Ni)和TOC关系;c.埋深3 019 ~ 3 300 m,古盐度参数Sr/Ba和TOC关系;d.埋深3 019 ~ 3 300 m,古气候参数Sr/Cu和TOC关系;e.埋深3 019 ~ 3 300 m,古水深参数Zr/Al和TOC关系;f.埋深3 019 ~ 3 300 m,长英质矿物含量和Zn元素含量关系
Fig. 7
TOC content vs. terrigenous clastic input (a), redox conditions (c), salinity (d), paleoclimate (e), and paleo-water depth (f) and felsic mineral content vs. Zn content (b) for shales in the Kong 2 Member in well G108-8 in the Cangdong Sag
4.1.2 氧化还原条件
4.1.3 古盐度
4.1.4 古气候与古水深
孔二段页岩Sr/Cu比值介于1.8 ~ 12.1,平均为6.1,表明孔二段沉积时期为温暖湿润气候,半深水-深水沉积环境。TOC与古气候、古水深参数交会图表明(图7d,e),温湿气候下,湖水深度增加,TOC较高;干旱气候下,湖水深度降低,页岩中TOC较低。因此,古气候与古水深是孔二段有机质富集的主控因素,且温湿气候、水体深度增加有利于有机质富集。
4.1.5 生烃母质构成
上述可知,孔二段页岩有机质富集影响因素包括:陆源碎屑输入、古生产力、古盐度、古气候与古水深。这些因素通过影响湖盆中菌藻类等水生生物的数量进而控制了有机质的富集。
图8
图8
沧东凹陷G108-8井孔二段页岩陆源/水生比参数TAR与TOC(a)、水深变化参数Zr/Al与TAR(b)、盐度参数Ga/C30H与TAR(c)及干酪根C/H原子比与甾/藿比(S/C30H)(d)关系
Fig. 8
TARvs. TOC content (a), the Zr/Al ratio denoting water depth variation (b), and salinity parameter Ga/C30H (c) and the H/C atomic ratio of kerogen vs. the sterane/hopane (S/C30H) ratio (d) for shales in the Kong 2 Member in well G108-8 in the Cangdong Sag
4.2 有机质富集模式
在陆源碎屑输入、古生产力、古气候、古盐度等多种因素周期性变化的共同影响下,沧东凹陷孔二段页岩呈现出高TOC集中段与低TOC集中段交替变化的特征(图9)。五级层序尺度上不同沉积阶段地化参数具有明显的差异,在T-R旋回转换期,地化参数呈现出低TAR、低Sr/Cu、低Zr/Al、低Sr/Ba和高Zn含量的特征(图9)。深水、低盐度、温湿环境和高生产力导致湖盆中水生生物大量繁衍,有机质含量高。与之相反,R-T旋回转换期,地化参数呈现出高TAR、高Sr/Cu、高Zr/Al、高Sr/Ba和低Zn含量的特征,此时页岩有机碳含量较低。这表明,高丰度有机质页岩主要形成于温湿气候、低盐度、较高水体深度、高生产力的T-R转换期。为此,总结出沧东凹陷孔二段五级沉积旋回T-R旋回转换期与R-T旋回转换期两种页岩有机质富集模式(图9b,c)。
图9
图9
沧东凹陷孔二段页岩有机质富集段纵向分布特征(a)、T-R旋回转换期页岩有机质富集模式(b)和 R-T旋回转换期页岩有机质富集模式(c)
Fig. 9
Vertical distribution of organic matter enrichment horizons (a) and organic matter enrichment model during the T-R and R-T cycle transition periods (b, c) for shales in the Kong 2 Member within the Cangdong Sag
5 应用成效
图10
图10
沧东凹陷孔二段C3页岩甜点层评价(a)与⑧号开发小层页岩厚度等值线图(b)
Fig.10
Evaluation of shale sweet spots in layer C3 (a) and isopach map of shales in sublayer ⑧ (b) in the Kong 2 Member within the Cangdong Sag
沧东凹陷官东地区2021年对C3-⑧号开发小层钻探的GY5-3-1L井(图10b),3 mm油嘴直径测试单井峰值日产56 t,目前稳定生产962 d,稳产油16 785 t。2022年在GY5-3-1L井取得良好勘探开发的基础上,钻探GY5-3-6H和GY5-3-7H两口页岩油水平井(图10b),3 ~ 4 mm油嘴直径测试单井峰值日产70.2 ~ 96.5 t,预测单井最终可采储量(EUR)可达(4.34 ~ 4.47)×104 t。目前,官东5号平台投产的5口先导试验水平井已连续稳定生产393 ~ 422 d,累产油达7×104 t,并实现单井首年累产油平均超1×104 t,达到了油价50美元/bbl下的效益开发条件,展现了中国东部断陷盆地页岩油的良好发展前景。
6 结论
1) 沧东凹陷孔二段页岩有机质丰度高,干酪根以Ⅰ型与Ⅱ1型为主,生烃母质来源以菌藻类低等生物为主,同时存在部分陆源有机质输入。
2) 五级层序T-R转换期充沛的陆源碎屑输入提高了湖盆生产力;温湿气候和低盐度为菌藻类生物大量繁衍提供了良好的生存条件,是高丰度页岩有机质富集的主要部位。
3) 页岩有机质富集机理有效指导了官东地区孔二段5号平台页岩油水平井的部署,并取得了良好勘探效果,实现了油价50美元/bbl下的效益开发,展现了孔二段良好的页岩油勘探前景。
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