火山活动影响下的碱湖优质烃源岩成因及其对页岩油气勘探和开发的启示

doi:10.11743/ogg20210616

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

为明确火山活动控制陆相含油气盆地优质烃源岩发育的作用机制，对古今火山、碱湖以及优质烃源岩这三者的相互联系进行广泛的文献调研，认为碱湖是联系火山活动与优质烃源岩发育的中间场所。火山活动喷发的CO₂进入热液、地下水或河流中，加速硅酸盐水解，产生大量HCO₃^-，输入湖泊中导致水体pH值升高，形成碱湖。而碱湖中高pH值可以活化Mo、磷酸盐和硅酸盐等多种营养元素和化合物，提高水体的初级生产力；同时也可以使硅质在水体中的溶解度呈指数增大，这种溶解的硅质在有机质初始降解等pH值降低过程中易发生沉淀，形成硅质保护层，避免有机质的进一步降解。由此提出火山活动-碱湖-优质烃源岩的成因链模式，该模式形成的页岩油气储集层微晶白云石等矿物含量高，凝灰物质易发生蒙脱石-沸石-钾长石-钠长石转变，可以有效增加页岩油气储集层的脆性和微孔隙。

关键词: 初级生产力, 硅化, 优质烃源岩, 火山活动, 碱湖

Abstract:

In order to clarify the controlling mechanisms of volcanic activities on the development of high-quality source rocks in non-marine petroliferous basins, this study summarizes the relationships between volcanic activity, alkaline lakes and high-quality source rocks through an extensive review of previous studies and proposes that alkaline lakes act as a vital link between volcanic activities and source rocks. It is suggested that large amount of CO₂ emitted by volcanic activities would enter hydrothermal fluids, underground waters or rivers and then produce a large amount of HCO₃^- through accelerated silicate hydrolysis process, leading to the formation of alkaline lakes. The high pH in alkaline lakes would activate a variety of nutrient elements and compounds such as Mo, phosphate and silicate, thus improving the primary productivity of water body. In addition, the high pH also would lead to an exponential increase of silica solubility in alkaline waters. During the process of pH decrease by initial degradation of organic matter, the dissolved silica would precipitate and form a siliceous layer, which could effectively prevent further degradation of organic matter. Based on these assumptions, this study proposes a genetic model for volcanism-alkaline lake-high-quality source rocks chain, which is the main reason of the occurrence of brittle and porous shale reservoirs for oil due to a high content of microcrystalline dolomite and tuff materials that are easily converted from montmorillonite to zeolite, potassium feldspar, and sodium feldspar.

Key words: primary productivity, silicification, high-quality source rock, volcanic activity, alkaline lake

中图分类号:

TE122.1

李长志,郭佩,柯先启,等. 火山活动影响下的碱湖优质烃源岩成因及其对页岩油气勘探和开发的启示[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(6): 1423-1434. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210616 Changzhi Li,Pei Guo,Xianqi Ke,et al. Genesis of high-quality source rocks in volcano-related alkaline lakes and implications for the exploration and development of shale oil and gas[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2021, 42(6): 1423-1434. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210616

图/表 5

表1

图1

表2

国内外典型碱湖发育背景及岩矿信息"

湖泊或古老含碱地层	国家	时代	主要碱性矿物	气候背景	火山碎屑	火山岩石类型	热液影响	文献来源
Lake Van	土耳其	现代	Calcite(碱湖早期)	河流径流2km³/a；蒸发量3.8 km³/a	有，12层	Nemrut和Süphan两个火山口，岩石类型为过碱性流纹岩	较少	[40-42]
Specchio di Venere Lake	意大利	更新世—现代	aragonite，calcite，dolomite	半干旱	有	位于火山岛上，富钠超碱性流纹岩	第二来源	[30]
Lake Natron	坦桑尼亚	现代	Trona，gaylussite	年降雨量600 ~ 900 mm，年蒸发量2800 mm	有	Oldoinyo Lengai火山口：碱性硅酸盐岩浆，碳酸盐熔岩	主要	[43]
Lake Bogaria	肯尼亚	全新世—现代	Trona，nahcolite，gaylussite		有	—	发育200多个Na-HCO₃型热泉	[44-47]
Lake Magadi	肯尼亚	全新世—现代	Trona，nahcolite，		有	玄武岩和碱性粗面岩	主要来源	[48]
Lake Searles	美国加利福利亚	更新世—现代	Trona，nahcolite，halite，burkeite，shortite	干旱气候	有	硅质火山岩	第二来源	[49-52]
青藏高原羌南碳酸盐型盐湖带	中国西藏	现代	多种	干旱气候	下部地层含有	钙碱性火山岩	主要	[34-35]
Beypazari盆地中新统	土耳其	中、晚中新世	Trona，nahcolite，pirssonite	研究薄弱	有	Teke火山口，安山和玄武岩熔岩	研究薄弱	[26]，[53]
Bridger盆地绿河组Wilkins Peak Member	美国怀俄明州	始新世	Trona，nahcolite，shortite	早始新世温室气候	有	Absaroka火山岩省和Lowland Creek火山口	争议较大，直接证据少	[54]
Piceance Greek盆地绿河组Parachute Greek Member	美国科罗拉多高原	始新世	Nahcolite，trona，dawsonit，halite	早始新世温室气候	有	研究薄弱	争议较大，直接证据少	[55]
南襄盆地泌阳凹陷核桃园组	中国河南	始新世	Trona，nahcolite，halite	争议较大	—	研究薄弱	研究程度低	[56-58]
南大西洋下白垩统盐下碳酸盐地层	巴西和安哥拉	早白垩世Aptian	Stevensite	干旱气候	有	粗面岩	影响较大	[29, 59-60]
准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷风城组	中国新疆	早二叠世	Trona，shortite，searlesite	研究薄弱	有	研究薄弱	研究程度低	[61-62]

表2

图2

表3

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矿物类型	化学式	现代碱湖是否存在	成因	文献
天然碱(trona)	Na₃(HCO₃)(CO₃)·2H₂O	是	水体蒸发浓缩，浅水	[21]
苏打石(nahcolite)	Na(HCO₃)	是	原生或成岩转化	[22-24]
泡碱(natron)	Na₂CO₃·10H₂O	是	原生或成岩转化	[25]
碳酸钠钙石(shortite)	Na₂Ca₂(CO₃)₃·H₂O	否	钙水碱失水转化	[24]
钙水碱(pirssonite)	Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂ ·2H₂O	否	斜碳钠钙石成岩转化	[24]
单斜钠钙石(gaylussite)	Na₂Ca(CO₃)₂ ·5H₂O	是	水体蒸发浓缩	[24]
磷钠镁石(bradleyite)	Na₃Mg(PO₄)(CO₃)	—	成岩作用	[26]
氯碳酸钠镁石(northupite)	Na₃MgCl(CO₃)₂	是	原生或碳酸钠钙石与石盐接触	[21]
碳镁钠石(eitelite)	Na₂Mg(CO₃)₂	—	原生或成岩转化	[27]

矿物类型	化学式	成因	文献
钙十字沸石(phillipsite)	(Ca，Na₂，K₂)₃Al₆Si₁₀O₃₂·12H₂O	硅质火山灰与高盐度、高碱性的孔隙流体接触，按火山灰→钙十字沸石→钾长石→硅硼钠石的成岩序列演化	[26]，[49]，[99]，[101]
钾长石(k-feldspar)	KAlSi₃O₈
水硅硼钠石(searlesite)	NaBSi₂O·H₂O
富镁蒙脱石(mg-rich smectites)	(Na，Ca)_0.33(Al，Mg)₂[Si₄O₁₀](OH)₂·nH₂O	火山灰与中等盐度、略碱性的地层水接触，按火山灰→富镁蒙脱石→方沸石→斜发沸石→蛋白石的成岩序列演化	[49]
方沸石(analcime)	NaA1Si₂O₆·H₂O
斜发沸石(clinoptilolite)	(Na，K，Ca)_2-3Al₃(Al，Si)₂Si₁₃O₃₆·12H₂O
蛋白石(opal c-t)	SiO₂
钠长石(albite)	NaAlSi₃O₈	钾长石转化，代表高温成岩产物	[99]
丝硅镁石(loughlinite)	Na₂Mg₃Si₆O₁₆·8H₂O	原生；含硅溶液与天然碱和白云石接触；碳酸钠钙石与含硅溶液接触，Mg²⁺来源于有机物质的释放	[21]
片钠铝石(dawsonite)	NaAl(OH)₂CO₃	一般与白云石共生	[101]

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