中国的白云岩与白云岩储层:分布、成因与控制因素

doi:10.11743/ogg20200101

石油与天然气地质 ›› 2020, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 1-14.doi: 10.11743/ogg20200101

中国的白云岩与白云岩储层:分布、成因与控制因素

何治亮^1,^2,³(), 马永生^1,^2,*(), 张军涛³, 朱东亚³, 钱一雄³, 丁茜³, 陈代钊⁴

1. 页岩油气富集机理与有效开发国家重点实验室, 北京 100083
2. 中国石油化工股份有限公司, 北京 100728
3. 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院构造与沉积储层实验室, 北京 100083
4. 中国科学院地质与地球物理研究所油气资源研究重点实验室, 北京 100029

收稿日期:2019-10-14 出版日期:2020-02-01 发布日期:2020-01-19
通讯作者: 马永生 E-mail:hezhiliang@sinopec.com;mays@sinopec.com
第一作者简介:何治亮(1963-),男,博士、教授级高级工程师,石油地质。E-mail:hezhiliang@sinopec.com
基金项目:
国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(U1663209);国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金项目(U19B6003);国家科技重大专项(2017ZX05005);中国科学院A类战略性先导项目(XDA14010201)

Distribution, genetic mechanism and control factors of dolomite and dolomite reservoirs in China

Zhiliang He^1,^2,³(), Yongsheng Ma^1,^2,*(), Juntao Zhang³, Dongya Zhu³, Yixiong Qian³, Qian Ding³, Daizhao Chen⁴

1. State Key Laboratory of Shale Oil and Gas Enrichment Mechanisms and Effective Development, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
2. China Petroleum & Chemical Corporation, Beijing 100728, China
3. Laboratory of Structural and Sedimentological Reservoir Geology, Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 100083, China
4. Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resource Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China

Received:2019-10-14 Online:2020-02-01 Published:2020-01-19
Contact: Yongsheng Ma E-mail:hezhiliang@sinopec.com;mays@sinopec.com
Supported by:
国家自然科学基金重点资助项目(U1663209);国家自然科学基金企业创新发展联合基金项目(U19B6003);国家科技重大专项(2017ZX05005);中国科学院A类战略性先导项目(XDA14010201)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国是世界上少有的几乎每个地质时代都有白云岩分布的国家。从华北地区的元古宇到第四系的盐湖沉积物，都能见到各种类型的白云岩（石），但白云岩在层位和区域上分布不均，类型上也有明显差异。其中，下古生界白云岩分布最为普遍，而上古生界、中生界和新生界仅有局部地区发育白云岩。中国白云岩的类型和与之相对应的白云岩化作用主要有：微生物（生物）白云岩化、萨布哈白云岩化、回流渗透白云岩化、热液白云岩化和混合水白云岩化。由于白云岩化作用是一个持续或断续的、复杂的过程，即使同一层系的白云岩也会经历多期次、多类型白云岩化作用的叠加改造。白云岩是中国重要的油气储层，其类型多、形成时间跨度大。在深层和古老海相层系之中，白云岩比灰岩更易于形成优质的油气储层，由此其重要性显得更为突出。在晚古生代和中、新生代形成的湖相白云岩也具有很好的储集性能，是非常规油气的重要赋存场所。白云岩储层按照其形成主控因素可以大致分为4种基本类型：相控准同生溶蚀型、面控表生溶蚀型、断控深埋改造型和深埋生烃溶蚀型。白云岩储层形成和保持受构造、层序、岩相、流体和时间五因素的联合、复合作用所控制。这些因素和成储机制的差异，造就了白云岩储层发育展布的多样性。

关键词: 油气储层, 成因机理, 白云岩化, 白云岩, 塔里木盆地, 鄂尔多斯盆地

Abstract:

China is one of the few countries in the world where dolomites were developed throughout its geological age. Various types of dolomites can be found from the Proterozoic in North China to the Quaternary salt lake sediments, but the distribution of dolomites is uneven along stratigraphy and across region, with also a great variety in types. The dolomites are widespread in the Lower Paleozoic but become more local features in the Upper Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic. The types of dolomitization mainly include microbial (biological), Sabkha, reflux seepage, hydrothermal and mixing zone dolomitization. Because dolomitization is a complicated, long term or intermittence process, even dolomites of the same strata would undergo multiple stages of dolomitization with several types superimposed. Dolomite reservoir is an important oil and gas reservoir in China, featuring variety in types and large time span. In the deep and ancient marine strata series, dolomite is more prone to generate high-quality oil and gas reservoirs compared with limestone. So its importance is even more prominent. Lacustrine dolomites formed in the Late Paleozoic and Meso-Cenozoic are also good in reservoir properties, serving as important reservoirs of unconventional oil and gas. The formation and preservation of dolomite reservoirs are jointly controlled by structure, sequence, lithofacies, fluid, and time.Altogether four types of controlling factors are identified herein:sedimentary facies-controlled para-syndepostional dissolution, ground surface-controlled shallow karstification, fault-controlled reformation in deep burial and deeply buried hydrocarbon dissolution.In all, the factors mentioned, together with different reservoir space generation and accumulation mechanisms, collectively decide the wide type spectrum and the complicated distribution patterns of dolomite reservoirs.

Key words: oil and gas reservoir, genetic mechanism, dolomitization, dolomite, Tarim Basin, Ordos Basin

中图分类号:

TE122.2

何治亮,马永生,张军涛,等. 中国的白云岩与白云岩储层:分布、成因与控制因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(1): 1-14. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200101 Zhiliang He,Yongsheng Ma,Juntao Zhang,et al. Distribution, genetic mechanism and control factors of dolomite and dolomite reservoirs in China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(1): 1-14. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200101

图/表 6

表1

中国白云岩分布层系与地区"

地层		白云岩(石)	分布地区	代表著作
新生界	第四系	分散的白云石沉积物	青海湖，巴彦查干湖，西沙群岛	于炳松等，2007^[14]；姜文英等，2010^[15]；曲高生等，1990^[16]
	新近系	颗粒、泥晶白云岩，微晶、细-粉晶白云岩	渤海湾盆地岐口凹陷、泌阳凹陷、潜江凹陷，柴达木盆地始新统，中国南海	廖静等，2008^[17]；黄杏珍等，2001^[18]；吴世强等，2020^[19]；黄成刚等，2016^[20]
	古近系	颗粒、泥晶白云岩，微晶、细-粉晶白云岩	渤海湾盆地岐口凹陷、泌阳凹陷、潜江凹陷，柴达木盆地始新统，中国南海	廖静等，2008^[17]；黄杏珍等，2001^[18]；吴世强等，2020^[19]；黄成刚等，2016^[20]
中生界	白垩系	中-细晶白云岩，灰质白云岩，纹层状泥晶原生含铁白云岩，泥晶白云岩，层状、椭球状白云岩	措勤盆地，酒泉盆地，银额盆地，松辽盆地	李亚林等，2008^[21]；文华国等，2014^[22]；王国栋，2008^[23]；陈志鹏等，2018^[24]
	侏罗系	颗粒、晶粒白云岩	羌塘盆地	万友利等，2020^[25]
	三叠系	含膏白云岩，颗粒白云岩，晶粒白云岩，藻白云岩	四川盆地	谭秀成等，2008^[26]
上古生界	二叠系	颗粒白云岩，晶粒白云岩，礁白云岩，斑状白云岩	四川盆地，准噶尔盆地，羌塘盆地	冯有良等，2011^[27]；胡俊杰等，2014^[28]
	石炭系	颗粒白云岩，晶粒白云岩	四川盆地，塔里木盆地，武威盆地	阎凤存等，2011^[29]
	泥盆系	颗粒白云岩，晶粒白云岩	四川盆地，滇黔桂湘地区	谢增业等，2018^[30]；马青等，2001^[31]
下古生界	志留系	生物礁白云岩，黑色页岩中的白云石	扬子地区，酒西盆地，云南哀牢山	谢全民等，2001^[32]；李华等，2017^[33]
	奥陶系	含膏白云岩，颗粒白云岩，晶粒白云岩，藻白云岩，斑状云灰岩	四川盆地，塔里木盆地，华北地区(含鄂尔多斯盆地)	何莹等，2006^[34]；黄正良等，2011^[35]
	寒武系	含膏白云岩，颗粒白云岩，晶粒白云岩，藻白云岩	四川盆地，塔里木盆地，华北地区(含鄂尔多斯盆地)	何莹等，2006^[34]；孙海涛等，2018^[36]
元古宇	震旦系	盖帽白云岩，藻白云岩，晶粒白云岩	扬子地区，塔里木盆地	何金有等，2007^[37]
	南华系	白云岩	扬子地区	管开萍等，2016^[38]
	青白口系	白云岩	中祁连山，燕山东翼	刘梦儒，1995^[39]
	蓟县系	藻白云岩	华北地区，扬子地区，云南	旷红伟等，2018^[40]；常向阳等，1997^[41]
	长城系	铁质白云岩，砂质白云岩	华北地区	张明洋，2012^[42]
	滹沱系	晶粒白云岩	山西五台山	钟华等，1995^[43]；陈威宇等，2018^[44]

表1

图1

表2

表3

图2

图3

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白云岩化类型		地区层位	代表著作
微生物(生物)白云岩化		塔里木盆地中寒武统，四川盆地灯影组和雷口坡组，准噶尔盆地芦草沟组，华北地区马家沟组等	You等，2013^[48]；陈娅娜等，2017^[49]；李红，2013^[50]；董小波等，2015^[51]
萨布哈白云岩化		四川盆地三叠系飞仙关组、嘉陵江组和雷口坡组，塔里木盆地中寒武统-奥陶系，鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组等	邵龙义等，2002^[52]；张军涛等，2017^[53]
回流渗透白云岩化		塔里木盆地寒武系，四川盆地龙王庙组和长兴组等，鄂尔多斯盆地南部奥陶系等	邵龙义等，2002^[52]；孙海涛等，2018^[36]；陈琪等，2012^[54]；黄正良等，2011^[35]
热液白云岩化	热液改造	四川盆地灯影组和中二叠统，塔里木盆地寒武系和灯影组等	唐雪松等，2016^[55]；张涛等，2020^[56]；焦存礼等，2011^[57]；宋光永，2009^[58]
热液白云岩化	热水沉积	新疆三塘湖盆地三叠系，二连盆地白音查干凹陷白垩系	柳益群，2010^[59]；钟大康，2015^[60]
混合水白云岩化		四川盆地二叠系，鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组等	陈琪等，2012^[54]；田景春等，2014^[61]
埋藏白云岩化		塔里木盆地奥陶系，鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组等	钱一雄等，2006^[62]；张学丰等，2008^[63]；黄正良等，2011^[35]
玄武岩淋滤白云岩化		四川盆地二叠系	金振奎等，1999^[64]
淡水白云岩化		四川盆地石炭系	胡忠贵等，2008^[65]

盆地	油气田/藏	层位	孔隙类型	代表著作
四川盆地	安岳气田等	寒武系龙王庙组，震旦系灯影组	粒间孔、晶间孔	杜金虎等，2014^[69]
	普光气田、元坝气田等	二叠系长兴组，三叠系雷口坡组	粒间孔、晶间孔、溶孔	马永生等，2005，2006^[70-71]
	磨溪气田	三叠系嘉陵江组、雷口坡组	粒间孔	谭秀成，2008^[26]
	威远气田等	震旦系灯影组	粒间孔、溶蚀孔洞	罗志立等，1998^[72]
	川西气田、川西北中坝气田等	三叠系雷口坡组	粒间孔	吴世祥等，2011^[73]
	川东卧龙河气田、大池干气田等	石炭系黄龙组	粒间孔、晶间孔	胡忠贵等，2008^[65]
鄂尔多斯盆地	靖边气田等	奥陶系马家沟组	膏模孔、晶间孔	何自新等，2005^[68]
塔里木盆地	和田河气田等	奥陶系鹰山组、蓬莱坝组	溶蚀孔洞、裂缝	杨威等，2000^[74]
塔里木盆地	雅克拉气田等	上寒武统-下奥陶统	溶孔、晶间溶孔	何莹等，2006^[34]
准噶尔盆地	准西北缘风城油田等	二叠系风城组	晶间孔、裂缝	冯有良等，2011^[27]
渤海湾盆地	任丘油田等	蓟县系雾迷山组	裂缝、溶蚀孔洞	赵贤正等，2008^[75]
渤海湾盆地	塘沽油田等	古近系沙河街组	晶间孔	廖静等，2008^[17]
江汉盆地	王庄油田等	古近系潜江组	晶间孔	吴世强等，2020^[19]

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中国的白云岩与白云岩储层:分布、成因与控制因素

Distribution, genetic mechanism and control factors of dolomite and dolomite reservoirs in China

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