柴达木盆地西部新生界水平裂缝及其构造意义

doi:10.11743/ogg20200610

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

裂缝可以为地壳的构造演化提供重要信息。根据野外观测数据、岩心资料以及薄片观察，柴达木盆地西部新生界中发育大量的水平裂缝。这些水平裂缝主要在泥质岩中发育，具有粗糙的裂缝面，为张开缝且均被石膏充填。裂缝的形态以弧形为主，少量表现为直线形。相邻的弧形裂缝具有强烈的相互作用，并且在端部形成T形交叉。裂缝开度主要分布于1~10 mm，最大可达30 mm，裂缝的规模与密度均随地层剥蚀厚度减小和埋深增加而减小，水平裂缝在平面上仅分布于地层剥蚀严重的背斜核部区域。以上证据表明这些裂缝与地层快速抬升剥蚀过程中由于残余应力形成的垂向拉伸有关。这些水平裂缝均切割早期垂直构造裂缝说明其形成于构造挤压之后。根据裂缝充填物电子自旋共振（ESR）测年结果，水平裂缝主要分两期形成，第一期在1.8 Ma左右，第二期在0.3 Ma左右。晚期水平裂缝的规模和密度远大于早期裂缝。根据裂缝参数理论计算得到的裂缝形成时的驱动应力大小，可以推断晚期地层抬升剥蚀量大约是早期地层抬升剥蚀量的2~3倍。水平裂缝的证据表明，柴达木盆地西部地区第四纪以来经历了脉冲式的构造挤压抬升与剥蚀，且构造活动具有增强的趋势，反映了整个青藏高原第四纪以来逐渐增强的幕式构造活动。

关键词: 泥岩, 拉张裂缝, 构造抬升剥蚀, 水平裂缝, 新生界, 柴达木盆地

Abstract:

Fractures in rocks record critical information of crustal tectonic evolution.Outcrop, core and thin section observations show the Cenozoic mudstone of western Qaidam Basin is abundant in open horizontal fractures with rough surface and gypsum fill.These fractures are mainly curve-shaped and occasionally straight in geometry.T-shaped intersections probably formed by the intense interaction between adjacent curved horizontal fractures are observed.The aperture of the fractures mainly ranges from 1 to 10 mm with the maximum value of 30 mm.Both the scale and linear density of the fractures reduce with the decrease of erosional quantity and increase of burial depth.Furthermore, the fractures are restricted in the hinge zone of intensively denuded anticlines.All evidences above indicate that the fractures are linked to the vertical extension induced by residual stress during a rapid uplift and erosion of strata, and probably formed after a tectonic compression as they are observed to incise most early-formed vertical fractures.Given the electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy dating data of gypsum, the generation of horizontal fractures mainly includes two stages:the first stage occurred at about 1.8Ma and the second 0.3Ma.The fractures formed at the second stage are much larger in scale and higher in intensity compared with those at the first stage.The initial driving force for the formation of the fractures calculated based on crack strain indicates that the erosional volume at the second stage is 2-3 times more than that at the first stage.Evidences also reveal that impulse compressional uplift and erosion activities in the western Qaidam Basin occurred during the Quaternary with an ever-growing tendency in intensity, indicating a progressively increasing episodic tectonic activities in the Tibet Plateau since the Quaternary.

Key words: mudstone, extensional fracture, tectonic uplift and erosion, horizontal fracture, Cenozoic, Qaidam Basin

中图分类号:

TE122.2

李剑,曾联波,林煜,等. 柴达木盆地西部新生界水平裂缝及其构造意义[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(6): 1222-1232. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200610 Jian Li,Lianbo Zeng,Yu Lin,et al. Horizontal fractures of the Cenozoic in western Qaidam Basin and their tectonic implication[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(6): 1222-1232. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200610

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测量剖面	咸水泉剖面破裂应变	南翼山剖面破裂应变
A—A′	0.045 9	0.012 8
B—B′	0.043 7	0.016 1
C—C′	0.030 1	0.015 1
平均值	0.039 9	0.014 7

	咸水泉剖面	南翼山剖面
ε_f^c	0.039 9	0.014 7
ρ_f/(kg·m^-3)	1.425	0.863
E/GPa	5.5	4.8
ν	0.19	0.20
σ_i上限/MPa	244.9	80.9
σ_i下限/MPa	25.4	13.5

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