新疆若羌县红柳沟新元古界平洼沟组原生白云岩特征、沉积环境及年代厘定

doi:10.11743/ogg20210304

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

新元古界白云岩是反映全球气候和生态环境等重要承载体之一，具有重要的理论意义及应用价值。本文报道了以原定为青白口系硝尔库里群中的平洼沟组含沥青微生物白云岩为代表的原生白云岩的特征、沉积环境及年代厘定等研究成果。通过岩相学、地球化学分析并结合锆石年代学等资料研究表明：平洼沟组是一套藻鲕粒-团粒云岩，绵层状、纹层状细粒、纹层-粗粒状胶结波纹状、锥状、穹窿、柱状叠层石和球粒黏结状微生物岩为主的原生白云岩，夹有风暴岩，属于潮间至潮下浅水沉积。平洼沟组发育了2个向上变浅-变深旋回的内-中缓坡微生物丘、滩相。广泛发育了葡萄状、纤状及纤柱状、放射-束状等海底胶结物，具有较高Mg/Ca、“帽型”为主的稀土配分模式，属于典型的文石海及原白云石沉积。综合叠层石圆锥-柱状的形态结构、正高漂移δ¹³C（PDB）（平均值7.80‰）、δ¹⁸O（PDB）（-1.82‰）和比当时海水稍高的⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr（0.708 07）以及下覆碎屑岩中锆石U-Pb年龄数据，将其厘定为Sturtian冰期后的成冰纪（685~635 Ma）的一套温暖气候下，富镁、富硅的海水以及海底热液参与的原生白云石沉积。平洼沟组虽历经漫长地质演化史，仍能保留一定的储集性，与下覆冰沟南组泥质烃源岩构成了一套生储组合，有一定油气勘探意义。

关键词: 原生白云岩, 岩相学, 地球化学, 平洼沟组, 新元古界, 若羌县

Abstract:

The Neoproterozoic dolomite, one of the important carriers of ancient global climatic, biological, ecological and environmental information, is of great theoretical significance and application value.This study highlights the progress in characterization, environmental reconstruction and geological dating of a typical primary dolomite: the bitumen-bearing microbial Neoproterozoic dolomite from the Pingwagou Formation (previously believed to belong to the Nierkuli Group of Qingbaikou System) at Hongliugou section Ⅰ in Ruoqiang County.Petrographic and geochemical analyses as well as detrital zircon geochronology show that the Pingwagou Formation is mainly a set of intertidal to subtidal deposition of shallow-water primary dolomite mainly composed of algal oolite-granular dolomite, spongiostromate, laminated fine- and coarse-grained agglutinated stromatolites in wavy, conical, domal and columnar patterns, and microbolites in cemented spherulites intercalated with some tempestites.Two shallowing-up and deepening-down sub-cycles of bioherm and beach facies are developed in inner and mid ramps of the formation. Marine cements in grape-, fiber-, fibrous column-shaped or radial-fascicled patterns are broadly distributed with high ratios of Mg/Ca and a "cap-pattern" rare-earth distribution, indicating typical aragonite sea sediments and primary dolomites.Based on an overall consideration of stromatolite patterns, pronounced positive δ¹³C excursions (ave.7.80‰), δ¹⁸O (ave.-1.82‰) and elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (ave.0.708 07) as well as zircon U-Pb dating of underlying clastics, we conclude that the formation is a set of primary dolomite deposition by Mg- and Si-rich seawater as well as seafloor hydrothermal inputs against a warm climate in the Neoproterozoic Cryogenian after the Sturtian Ice Age (685-635 Ma).Despite a long geological evolution, the dolomite in the formation is of certain reservoir properties and has formed an effective source-reservoir combination with underlying argillaceous source rocks, posing an interesting yet tough challenge to oil and gas explorers.

Key words: primary dolomite, petrography, geochemistry, Pingwagou Formation, Neoproterozoic, Ruoqiang County

中图分类号:

TE122.3

钱一雄,储呈林,李曰俊,等. 新疆若羌县红柳沟新元古界平洼沟组原生白云岩特征、沉积环境及年代厘定[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(3): 570-586. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210304 Yixiong Qian,Chenglin Chu,Yuejun Li,et al. Characteristics, enviornment and geological dating of primary dolomite in the Neoproterozoic Pingwagou Formation at Hongliugou, Ruoqiang County, Xinjiang[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2021, 42(3): 570-586. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210304

图/表 12

图1

图2

表1

图3

若羌县红柳沟Ⅰ号剖面中不同类型白云岩、沉积、成岩矿物及孔隙类型的显微图像 a.HLG-025+1，亮晶藻鲕粒-球粒(MOo)-藻砂屑云岩，纤状(AC)、刀刃状(Bla)文石或镁方解石胶结、半自形直曲面镶嵌(Blo)，少量铸模孔(MO)、微孔(MP)，单偏光(-)(下同，未标明)；b.HLG-027，亮晶藻鲕粒-团粒(表附藻)云岩，葡萄状(Bot)、纤状、刀刃状及等晶粒状文石或镁方解石，镶嵌(Equ-Blo)状结构，类似于“豆荚状或胡桃状钙豆粒的泥晶(Wal-Mic)，孔洞中心为中细晶白云石(DⅢ，黄色箭头所指)；c.HLG-028，亮晶肾形藻-藻鲕粒(Oo)云岩，葡萄状-纤状-刀刃状的文石或镁方解石胶结，粒间孔由DⅢ镶嵌充填，扩溶缝洞(DFR)；d.HLG-034，纹层状细粒(粗晶)叠层石云岩，长快波的束状光性的纤状-向外为慢波束状-纤柱状放射状巨粗晶(RFC)至刀刃状-束状白云石(Fas)，重结晶作用，菱形微孔隙、片状空隙(sheet-cavities)及收缩微缝(SCF，蓝色箭头)；e.HLG-036-1，藻球粒黏结云岩, 葡萄状、纤状、放射状及纤刃状(双晶)粒状文石及高镁方解石及胶结(已转化为白云石)，重结晶；f.HLG-041，角砾状硅化的绵层状叠层石云岩，明暗条带中的交代微晶石英(QⅡ)、沿扩溶缝洞中的中粗晶白云石DⅣ(蓝色箭头指示了溶蚀边界)、边缘隐晶玉髓、微晶石英(ChⅢ)，构成“渗流砂”，一组石英细脉(QⅤ)及开启微裂隙(Fre)穿过，正交偏光(+)；g.HLG-031，表附藻粉晶云岩(DⅠ)；h.HLG-030，泥粉晶藻球粒云岩(DⅠ-Mic)，等晶粒状的微粉晶镶嵌(不发光)，粉晶白云石(DⅡ)发中等至暗橙红, 孔洞中粉细晶、中晶(DⅢ)分别发中等-暗橙红、橙红-橙桔黄色(较亮的边缘环带)，阴极CL；i.HLG-038，亮晶藻球粒-团粒云岩，葡萄状-纤状-放射状或刀刃状文石及高镁方解石(已转化为白云石)、粒状镶嵌胶结，孔洞中细至中粗晶白云石(DⅢ-DⅥ); j.HLG-043，亮晶藻鲕粒-球粒-团粒云岩，纤状、刀刃状和粒状胶结，扩溶缝洞中充填了沥青(Brt)、后被细石英细脉穿过(QⅤ)；k.HLG-034+1，硅化纹层状、不等晶粗粒叠层石云岩，重结晶，放射状-刀刃状-束状波纹状消光及调制结构，平行于生长法线方向，正交偏光(+)；l.HLG-038，亮晶藻球粒-鲕粒云岩，纤状-刀刃状胶结，稍暗部分原为文石，溶解后产生的微孔隙，扩溶缝洞及晚期开启微裂隙；m.HLG-041，角砾状硅化绵层状叠层石云岩，粉晶白云石(DⅡ)发中等橙红-桔黄红光(环带)，孔洞边缘的中细晶白云石(DⅢ)发亮橙红-橙黄色光、近中心的中粗晶白云石(DⅥ)发亮粉红-玫瑰红光, 树枝状裂隙中的石英(QⅣ)不发光, 阴极CL；n.HLG-042，亮晶藻球粒云岩，晶间孔、粒间孔中被玉髓-微晶石英(ChⅠ)充填；O.HLG-033，角砾状亮晶藻鲕粒云岩，碎裂化，重结晶，孔洞中的中粗晶白云石(DⅢ-DⅣ)发亮橙红色、陆屑或自生石英发蓝色光，角砾间孔(Bre)中充填沥青，阴极CL；p.HLG-044，含陆屑的碳酸盐岩靡棱岩，“σ”碎斑”, 硅质约占25%~30%，含单晶、隐晶质、微晶质玉髓(ChⅥ)及锆石"

图3

图4

表2

若羌县红柳沟Ⅰ号剖面平洼沟组白云岩含量(%)、微量元素(10-6)、碳氧、锶同位素值(‰)及比值"

样号	HLG-023	HLG-024	HLG-025	HLG-029	HLG-031	HLG-032	HLG-033+1	HLG-037	HLG-039	HLG-042	HLG-43
SiO₂	33.21	4.64	12.13	1.39	0.30	1.35	5.72	1.36	0.30	10.80	4.34
Al₂O₃	0.08	0.17	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.06	0.19	0.06	0.34	0.37
Fe₂O₃	0.26	0.15	0.18	0.04	0.06	0.05	0.16	0.05	0.12	0.56	0.58
FeO	0.22	0.12	0.13	0.02	0.02	0.02	0.13	0.02	0.10	0.49	0.48
MgO	15.34	22.24	20.59	23.49	23.84	23.44	22.27	23.39	23.34	20.16	21.23
CaO	19.58	28.80	25.73	29.58	30.32	29.44	28.20	29.56	29.86	25.88	28.82
Na₂O	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.002	0.015
K₂O	0.013	0.033	0.002	0.011	0.002	0.002	0.022	0.057	0.012	0.065	0.024
MnO	0.048	0.028	0.030	0.021	0.016	0.017	0.040	0.024	0.030	0.152	0.064
TiO₂	0.006	0.007	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.007	0.001	0.006	0.007	0.049	0.008
P₂O₅	0.010	0.042	0.009	0.010	0.008	0.012	0.010	0.009	0.029	0.014	0.071
烧失量	31.36	43.37	40.72	44.85	44.84	45.07	43.08	45.12	45.65	41.76	44.18
总计	100.13	99.60	99.55	99.44	99.44	99.46	99.69	99.79	99.52	100.27	100.18
Rb	0.24	0.31	0.08	0.11	0.05	0.09	0.11	0.07	0.08	1.52	0.60
Ba	46.49	55.48	16.89	16.82	20.11	18.37	13.99	18.89	39.62	44.57	37.42
Ga	0.16	0.13	0.16	0.07	0.07	0.06	0.13	0.07	0.08	0.39	0.43
Sr	104.38	137.43	77.38	89.52	86.85	81.97	71.08	95.31	122.80	51.91	644.22
Zr	0.88	1.35	1.12	10.35	2.76	0.60	2.25	0.90	2.39	25.55	5.00
Hf	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.20	0.09
Cr	6.46	11.89	4.75	4.21	5.81	4.66	3.86	4.18	4.23	18.39	10.56
V	2.66	2.53	1.64	2.07	1.69	1.06	1.55	1.13	2.71	21.67	7.05
Co	0.97	0.91	1.06	0.84	0.86	0.77	1.04	0.91	0.94	3.23	1.65
Ni	8.97	7.77	9.48	9.38	9.58	8.36	10.55	8.42	14.87	16.19	8.42
U	0.17	0.27	0.18	0.17	0.19	0.16	0.29	0.14	0.24	0.45	0.43
Th	0.04	0.09	0.03	0.02	0.03	0.03	0.03	0.04	0.07	0.17	0.18
Mo	0.39	0.25	0.20	0.11	0.15	0.22	0.14	0.18	0.13	0.16	0.14
Cu	4.54	2.87	3.76	3.79	3.21	5.24	3.60	3.86	4.81	7.93	6.95
Zn	4.28	3.55	4.27	8.39	5.95	4.73	5.88	3.43	13.04	12.52	8.13
La	0.20	0.42	0.13	0.17	0.24	0.14	0.19	0.20	0.49	0.79	1.82
Ce	0.39	0.81	0.26	0.29	0.49	0.24	0.30	0.48	1.02	1.96	3.43
Pr	0.05	0.10	0.03	0.04	0.05	0.04	0.05	0.05	0.14	0.22	0.47
Nd	0.18	0.44	0.14	0.15	0.24	0.14	0.19	0.19	0.59	0.94	2.03
Sm	0.05	0.10	0.03	0.03	0.05	0.03	0.05	0.04	0.13	0.21	0.43
Eu	0.02	0.04	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.04	0.06	0.11
Gd	0.06	0.13	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.04	0.06	0.07	0.18	0.26	0.58
Tb	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.04	0.09
Dy	0.06	0.13	0.05	0.08	0.08	0.04	0.07	0.06	0.20	0.27	0.48
Ho	0.01	0.03	0.01	0.02	0.02	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.05	0.06	0.10
Er	0.04	0.09	0.04	0.09	0.08	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.19	0.21	0.29
Tm	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.02	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.03	0.04
Yb	0.03	0.08	0.04	0.11	0.09	0.03	0.06	0.05	0.22	0.21	0.22
Lu	0.01	0.01	0.01	0.03	0.02	0.00	0.01	0.01	0.04	0.03	0.03
Y	0.44	1.02	0.52	1.39	0.97	0.37	0.78	0.53	2.41	2.29	3.38
∑REE	1.55	3.43	1.33	2.50	2.42	1.14	1.87	1.75	5.76	7.58	13.49
Mg/Ca	1.09	1.07	1.11	1.10	0.98	1.11	1.10	1.10	1.09	1.08	1.02
Sr/Mn	15.70	34.82	18.30	30.24	6.47	34.21	12.61	28.17	29.04	2.42	71.41
Fe/Mn	3.05	6.70	6.91	1.73	8.68	2.40	5.01	1.72	5.15	4.84	11.49
Sr/Ba	2.25	2.48	4.58	5.32	4.32	4.46	5.08	5.05	3.10	1.16	17.22
Mn/Sr	5.59	2.48	4.79	2.46	2.46	2.60	5.05	2.54	3.00	37.35	1.14
Fe/Sr	17.06	8.84	16.30	6.80	9.54	7.93	14.40	5.53	7.81	54.96	4.58
Ca/Sr	3 121	3 357	5 493	5 315	5 506	5 728	6 356	5 031	3 863	8 217	709
Rb/Sr	0.002 3	0.002 3	0.001 1	0.001 3	0.000 5	0.001 2	0.001 5	0.000 8	0.000 7	0.030 0	0.001 0
Sr/Ca	0.000 3	0.000 3	0.000 2	0.000 2	0.000 2	0.000 2	0.000 2	0.000 2	0.000 3	0.000 1	0.001 4
U/Th	4.19	3.08	7.30	7.47	5.85	6.06	9.01	3.78	3.63	2.68	2.32
Th/K	2.44	5.49	1.76	0.96	1.60	2.00	4.76	2.17	4.17	2.99	7.14
LREE/HREE	1.35	1.24	0.84	0.38	0.80	1.11	0.73	1.23	0.72	1.23	1.59
Ce/La	1.95	1.93	2.00	1.71	2.04	1.71	1.58	2.40	2.08	2.48	1.88
δEu_N	1.28	1.09	0.96	0.93	0.75	1.05	0.83	0.90	0.76	0.81	0.64
δCe_N	0.69	0.62	0.64	0.58	0.67	0.55	0.52	0.83	0.61	0.74	0.58
Y/Ho	36.82	35.33	42.48	58.43	43.84	37.55	43.31	36.10	45.92	37.43	34.21
(La/Yb)_N	0.43	0.38	0.25	0.11	0.19	0.31	0.22	0.31	0.16	0.27	0.62
(Nd/Yb)_N	0.45	0.45	0.29	0.11	0.21	0.37	0.25	0.33	0.22	0.37	0.77
(Sm/Yb)_N	0.77	0.60	0.42	0.29	0.29	0.50	0.45	0.41	0.30	0.50	1.01
δ¹³C(PDB)	6.30	7.30		7.20	7.40	8.40	7.70	8.20	4.40		3.20
δ¹⁸O(PDB)	-3.30	-1.60		0.10	-0.40	-1.20	-2.40	-0.40	-4.80		-1.30
δ¹⁸O(SMOW)	27.50	29.30		31.00	30.50	29.60	28.40	30.50	26.00		29.60
⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr		0.709 82		0.708 06	0.708 06	0.708 04	0.708 11	0.707 65	0.709 29
⁸⁷Sr^/86Sr误差		0.000 02		0.000 01	0.000 02	0.000 02	0.000 02	0.000 02	0.000 02

表2

图5

图6

图7

图8

图9

图10

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