石油与天然气地质 ›› 2018, Vol. 39 ›› Issue (3): 454-471.doi: 10.11743/ogg20180304

• 油气勘探 • 上一篇    下一篇

油气藏盖层封闭性研究现状及未来发展趋势

付晓飞1,2, 吴桐1,2, 吕延防1,2, 柳少波3, 田华3, 卢明旭4   

  1. 1. 东北石油大学 非常规油气成藏与开发省部共建国家重点实验室培育基地, 黑龙江 大庆 163318;
    2. 黑龙江省高校科技创新团队"断层变形、封闭性及与流体运移", 黑龙江 大庆 163318;
    3. 中国石油 勘探开发研究院 石油地质实验研究中心, 北京 100083;
    4. 中国石油 大庆油田有限责任公司 第四采油厂, 黑龙江 大庆 163511
  • 收稿日期:2016-09-19 修回日期:2018-03-12 出版日期:2018-06-28 发布日期:2018-06-21
  • 作者简介:付晓飞(1973-),男,教授、博士生导师,含油气盆地分析。E-mail:fuxiaofei2008@sohu.com。
  • 基金资助:
    国家自然科学基金重点联合基金项目(U1562214);国家科技重大专项(2016ZX05003-002,2016ZX05024-005)。

Research status and development trend of the reservoir caprock sealing properties

Fu Xiaofei1,2, Wu Tong1,2, Lyu Yanfang1,2, Liu Shaobo3, Tian Hua3, Lu Mingxu4   

  1. 1. State Key Laboratory Base of Unconventional Oil and Gas Accumulation and Exploitation, College of Earth Science, Northeast Petroleum University, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China;
    2. Science and Technology Innovation Team of Universities of Fracture Deformation, Sealing Properties and Fluid Migration, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163318, China;
    3. Laboratory of Geological Sciences, Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration & Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
    4. No. 4th Oil Production Plant of Daqing Oilfield Limited Liability Company, PetroChina, Daqing, Heilongjiang 163511, China
  • Received:2016-09-19 Revised:2018-03-12 Online:2018-06-28 Published:2018-06-21

摘要: 盖层直接决定了油气富集规模,大中型油气田盖层岩性主要为泥岩、膏盐岩和碳酸盐岩。近几十年来,盖层封闭性研究在封闭机理与评价方法方面取得了很大进展。不同学者先后提出了毛细管封闭、水力封闭、超压封闭和烃浓度封闭机理,针对不同封闭机理建立了盖层封闭性评价行业标准,在区带评价和勘探目标选择过程中起到重要的指导作用。传统盖层封闭性主要是静态评价,经历多期埋藏-抬升的盖层封闭能力是变化的。金之钧等建立了盖层封闭能力动态演化过程定量评价方法,利用埋藏过程孔隙度-毛细管压力、抬升过程渗透率-毛细管压力关系和OCR定量预测盖层毛细管封闭能力变化过程,为多期构造演化盆地油气富集规律研究提供了合理依据。基于对以上机理和方法的研究,指出断层、构造裂缝和水力裂缝是盖层完整性破坏的关键因素,明确了油气穿越盖层运移条件,为寻找次生油藏提供了思路。断裂和裂缝形成演化过程及其对盖层完整性破坏取决于盖层岩石力学特征,即盖层脆-韧性变形,基于泥岩密度和岩石力学特征建立了泥质岩脆-韧性变形转换判别方法;基于拜尔利摩擦定律和盖茨准则建立了膏盐岩脆-韧性变形转换判别方法,明确了断裂和裂缝在脆性、脆-韧性和韧性盖层中形成演化机理和对盖层破坏作用。现今,盖层封闭性仍有许多问题需要深入探索,包括不同级别盖层对油气保存的影响,宏观地质因素对盖层封闭能力的影响,泥页岩岩石成岩阶段划分及封闭能力动态演化过程,盖层脆-韧性转化及破裂条件定量表征,深层断层对油气输导和保存,盖层完整性定量评价方法等。

关键词: 动态演化, 脆韧性变形, 毛细管压力, 岩石力学特征, 封闭机理, 盖层, 叠合盆地

Abstract: Caprock directly determines the scale of oil-gas accumulation.The lithology of caprock in large-medium oil and gas fields is mainly mudstone,gypsolyte/saline rock and carbonate rock.In recent decades,we have made great progress in the sealing mechanism and evaluation methods for sealing property study.Scholars have proposed the capillary,hydraulic,overpressure,and hydrocarbon concentration sealing mechanisms through the years.For different sealing mechanisms,the sealing property evaluation criteria were set up,which played an important role both in the evaluation of hydrocarbon plays and the selection of exploration targets.Conventional study on the sealing properties of caprock is mainly based on static evaluation,but in fact,its sealing properties may change during multi-stage burial-uplift tectonic evolution.Jin(2013)established a quantitative evaluation method for the dynamic evolution of caprock sealing properties,which was based on the relationship between the porosity and capillary pressure during burial,the permeability and capillary pressure during uplift,and the OCR,a quantitative prediction method for the evolution of capillary sealing properties.And the method provides a reasonable basis for the study of oil and gas accumulation in multi-stage tectonic evolution basin.Thus,based on the study of the above-mentioned mechanisms and methods,it was pointed out that faults,tectonic fractures and hydraulic fractures were the key factors to the integrity of caprock,and the condition for the oil and gas to break through caprock was clarified,which provided a new way to find the secondary reservoir.The formation and evolution process of faults and fractures and their destruction to the caprock integrity depend on the seal's mechanical characteristics,that is,the caprock brittle-deformation prone or ductile-deformation prone.Based on the density and rock mechanics of mudstone,a method for distinguishing brittle and ductile deformation of mudstone was established.According to Byerlee's friction law and Goetes's criterion,a method for distinguishing brittle-ductile deformation of gypsolyte/saline rock is formulated.Therefore,the mechanisms for destruction of faults and fractures on brittle,brittle-ductile or ductile cap-rocks were clarified.Nowadays,there are still many problems necessary to be explored further,including the effects of different caprocks on hydrocarbon preservation,the effects of regional geologic factors on the sealing properties of caprock,the division of diagenesis stages and the dynamic evolution of sealing properties of shale,the brittle-ductile transition of caprocks and quantitative characterization of fracture conditions,the effect of deep faults on oil and gas migration and preservation,quantitative evaluation of caprock integrity,etc.

Key words: dynamic evolution, brittle-ductile deformation, capillary pressure, rock mechanical characteristics, sealing mechanism, caprock, superposed basin

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