准噶尔盆地构造演化阶段及其特征

doi:10.11743/ogg20180501

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 盆地构造演化阶段是讨论盆地形成与演化过程的基础，也是确定油气成藏时-空格架的重要依据，对于建立大陆的构造运动年表也具有重要意义。基于准噶尔盆地内部的深井与高精度反射地震资料，在盆地构造沉降与构造-地层层序分析的基础上，结合周缘构造事件，厘定了盆地的构造演化阶段，剖析了不同阶段的演化特征。研究认为，准噶尔盆地经历了石炭纪断陷-拗陷、早二叠世断陷、中二叠世—三叠纪前陆盆地、侏罗纪伸展断陷—压扭盆地、白垩纪-古近纪陆内拗陷与新近纪-第四纪陆内前陆盆地等6个演化阶段，可归并为石炭纪、早二叠世—三叠纪、侏罗纪和白垩纪—第四纪4个不等时的伸展-聚敛旋回。随时间演化伸展活动趋弱、挤压活动（南北向上）增强，盆地整体表现为“四周冲断挤压、范围缩小”的特点，东西向上缩短率为35.8%，南北向上缩短率为12.2%，东西向上的缩短为南北向上缩短的3倍。西缘挤压主要在中二叠世—早三叠世，而东缘挤压除此之外，晚三叠世、中侏罗世早期、晚侏罗世—早白垩世仍较强烈，南缘挤压在中-晚二叠世、中-晚侏罗世、上新世—第四纪强烈发生，北缘则在晚白垩世冲断活动强烈。上述伸展、挤压过程在时间和空间上的强烈差异性形成了准噶尔盆地复杂的叠加、复合地质结构，不同构造单元差异演化明显，油气聚集独具特色。

关键词: 地质结构, 构造沉降, 构造-地层层序, 构造演化, 叠合盆地, 准噶尔盆地

Abstract: The analysis of tectonic evolutionary stages serves as the basis for addressing the basin formation and evolution,also as the important foundation for delineation of the spatial-temporal framework for oil and gas accumulation,and as a key reference for establishing the tectonic movement chronology for continents.Based on the information from deep boreholes and the high resolution reflection seismic data within the Junggar Basin,we delineated the tectonic evolution stages of the basin and explored the characteristics of every stage,through analyzing the tectonic subsidence and the tectono-stratigraphic sequence,and the tectonic events in the periphery of the basin.The results show that the basin has undergone six evolutionary stages,including the Carboniferous fault depression-depression,the Permian fault depression,the Middle Permian and Triassic foreland basin,the Jurassic extensional fault depression-compresso-shear basin,the Cretaceous-Paleogene intra-continental depression,and the Neogene-Quaternary intra-continental foreland basin,which can be grouped into four non-isochronous extension-compression cycles,namely the Carboniferous,Early Permian-Triassic,Jurassic,and Cretaceous-Quaternary cycles.The extension tends to be weaker,but the compression gets stronger north-southwardly,with time passing by.On the whole,the basin exhibits the character of "thrusting on its periphery and shrinking in scope",with the west-eastward shortening rate being 35.8%,almost three times of the 12.2% on the north-south direction.The compression from the west took place mainly during the Middle Permian-Early Triassic,while besides that,the compression from the east was still strong in the Late Triassic,early Middle Jurassic,and Late Jurassic-Early Cretaceous.The compression from the south took place strongly in the Middle and Late Permian,the Middle and Late Jurassic,and the Pliocene-Quaternary; while the extensive thrusting on the northern margin occurred in the Late Cretaceous.The pronounced spatial-temporal differences of the above extension and compression have given rise to the complex superimposed composite basin architecture,thus different tectonic units show strong differential evolution and unique features of oil and gas accumulation.

Key words: geological structure, tectonic subsidence, tectono-stratigraphic sequence, tectonic evolution, superimposed basin, Junggar Basin

中图分类号:

TE121.2

何登发,张磊,吴松涛,等. 准噶尔盆地构造演化阶段及其特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2018, 39(5): 845-861. doi: 10.11743/ogg20180501 He Dengfa,Zhang Lei,Wu Songtao,et al. Tectonic evolution stages and features of the Junggar Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2018, 39(5): 845-861. doi: 10.11743/ogg20180501

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