中国沉积盆地油气立体综合勘探论

doi:10.11743/ogg20210202

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国油气勘探近15年来进入发现高峰期，在成熟区精细勘探、新区、新层系、新类型、新领域勘探中不断取得突破，常规与非常规油气勘探取得重要进展，剖析这一阶段勘探的性质与思维方法将为中国油气勘探持续深入开展奠立重要基础。从沉积盆地系统论与油气勘探方法论的角度，通过剖析沉积盆地的油气地质基础，结合现阶段油气勘探实践，提出了新时期的勘探理念与方法。研究表明，中国的沉积盆地多为多旋回叠合盆地，沉积盆地的演化受周缘板块构造作用、陆内构造变形及其深部地幔地质过程的控制，复杂构造背景下油气多层系规模聚集。中国沉积盆地有常规油气、低熟油、生物气、致密气、页岩油气、煤、煤层气、盐类、天然气水合物和金属等多种矿产资源，资源潜力大。中国的油气勘探经历了构造油气藏、岩性-地层油气藏勘探阶段，现今进入常规与非常规油气并举的“立体综合勘探”阶段。这一阶段是针对“全盆地、多层系、多尺度储集体、多类型资源”的全链条的整体勘探，钻探进入万米尺度，海域进入深水区。立体综合勘探的理论基础是多旋回叠合盆地油气地质学、油气成藏动力学与非常规油气地质学，技术手段是多尺度（微米-纳米）储集体分析技术、“两宽一高”高精度地震勘探技术与“水平井+体积压裂”技术，主要工作方法是地质-工程一体化与勘探-开发一体化。立体综合勘探思维与方法将是常规与非常规油气一体化高效勘探与油气-煤-盐-金属等矿产资源综合勘探的重要保证。

关键词: 勘探思维, 沉积盆地系统, 盆地动力学, 统一油气系统, 多旋回叠合盆地, 非常规油气, 立体综合勘探

Abstract:

Oil and gas exploration in China has entered the peak of discovery with breakthroughs made in mature regions, frontier areas, new plays, new types of rock assemblages and new domains for both conventional and un-conventional hydrocarbon reservoirs in recent 15 years.Discussing the nature and guiding notion of the exploration during this period is of significant referential value to the on-going hydrocarbon exploration in China.Viewing from sedimentary basin system theories and petroleum exploration methodology, the paper puts forward exploration scenarios and methodology for the coming era based on a combination of oil and gas geologic condition analyses of sedimentary basins with current exploration activities in China.It shows that the sedimentary basins in China are chiefly of multi-cycle superimposed type under the joint control of the adjoining plate tectonics, the intra-continental structural deformation, and the deep mantle geologic processes, which together have resulted in large-scale oil and gas accumulation in multiple reservoirs or plays.The sedimentary basins in China are rich in variety of resources, including conventional oil and gas, low-maturity oil, bio-methane gas, tight gas, shale oil and gas, coal, coal-bed gas, salt and gypsum, hydrate, and metals etc.Petroleum exploration in China, after stages for structural oil and gas pools and lithologic-stratigraphic oil and gas pools, is now entering a stage for both conventional and unconventional oil and gas—also called the "integrated 3D reservoir exploration" stage.The stage is characterized by a full-chain and integrated exploration that scans the basin as a whole and takes multiple plays, multi-scale reservoirs, hybrid resources as its targets.It drills into subsurface over 10, 000 meters deep and explored the deep waters.It is based theoretically upon petroleum geology advancements in multi-cycle superimposed basins, deeper understanding to the dynamics of oil and gas accumulation, and progress in unconventional petroleum geology.It employs technologies including the multi-scale (micro-to-nano meter scale) analytical methods for reservoirs, the high-resolution seismic exploration featuring wide-frequency, wide-azimuth, and high-density, as well as the massive fracturing in horizontal wells.It is performed by integrating geology and engineering, exploration and production.It thus guarantees an integrated exploration of both conventional and unconventional oil and gas as well as other resources like coal, salt and metals in the basins.

Key words: exploration strategy, sedimentary basin system, basin dynamics, unified petroleum system, multi-cycle superimposed basin, unconventional oil and gas, integrated 3D reservoir exploration

中图分类号:

TE121.1

何登发,李德生,童晓光,等. 中国沉积盆地油气立体综合勘探论[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(2): 265-284. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210202 Dengfa He,Desheng Li,Xiaoguang Tong,et al. Integrated 3D hydrocarbon exploration in sedimentary basins of China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2021, 42(2): 265-284. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210202

图/表 5

图1

图2

图3

表1

中国油气勘探阶段的划分"

勘探阶段	石油地质理论	勘探对象	勘探理念	核心技术	典型油气田
构造油气藏	背斜学说圈闭成因学说陆相生油理论源控论复式油气聚集区(带)理论 (浮力为运移动力)	背斜为主背斜、断块、岩性等复式油气藏(陆相碎屑岩为主)	以背斜为主的圈闭(圈闭是油气聚集的基本单元)	地面地质调查，重、磁、电、地震、常规测井、钻探技术	延长、老君庙、独山子，克拉玛依、石西、彩南、陆梁，大庆、胜利、任丘、河南，柯克亚，冷湖、涩南，威远、卧龙河、罗家寨
岩性、地层油气藏 (非构造油气藏、隐蔽油气藏)	非构造油气藏理论煤成油、气理论三角洲大面积成藏理论前陆冲断带成藏理论克拉通海相成藏理论(生-运-聚-保过程控制)	岩性、地层油气藏，背斜-岩性、断裂-岩性、岩性-地层-构造油气藏等(陆相+海相)	多类型圈闭复式油气藏(含油气系统概念：从生油岩—圈闭，运聚过程中复式油气成藏；厘定了岩性地层、海域、海相和前陆4大勘探领域)	高分辨率地震技术山地地震勘探技术山地快速钻探技术超深井钻井技术油藏描述技术缝控储层改造技术	克拉2、塔河-轮南、哈德逊，克拉美丽，安塞、靖边、西峰、华庆、环江、延安、大吉、柳杨堡、鄂东，安岳、普光、元坝、成都、中江，庆深、龙深、大情字井，荔湾3-1
立体综合勘探 (常规油气藏+ 非常规油气藏)	叠合盆地油气地质理论非常规油气成藏理论煤层气(瓦斯)地质学	小断块、薄层砂体、深潜山、内幕潜山、白云岩、礁滩体、介壳滩、砂砾岩体、火山岩、变质岩等，页岩、油页岩、煤层、油砂等(低、深、隐、难；深层、深水)	常规油气精细勘探+致密油气规模勘探+非常规(页岩油气、煤层气、油砂、油页岩，油气-煤-盐-金属等)突破勘探(突破生、运、聚独立概念，合而为一；全层系、多类型、多资源、全链条整体勘探)	“两宽一高”地震技术低频可控震源勘探技术地震采集-处理-解释一体化储层岩石力学评价技术水平井+体积压裂技术地质-工程一体化勘探-开发一体化油气-煤-煤层气-钾盐-铀共采技术天然气水合物开采技术	克深、哈拉哈塘、顺北、轮探1，玛湖、昌吉，姬嫄、镇北-合水、南梁-华池、陕北、庆城，英雄岭、东坪、昆北，蓬莱9-1、渤中19-6，双鱼石、彭州、焦石坝、蜀南页岩气田，陵水17-2、25-1、流花29-1、29-2，宁波17-1、22-1、东方13-2

表1

图4

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