石油与天然气地质 ›› 2016, Vol. 37 ›› Issue (5): 634-643.doi: 10.11743/ogg20160503
李永豪1, 曹剑1, 胡文瑄1, 陆现彩1, 范明2, 张殿伟3, 洪冬冬1
收稿日期:
2016-04-06
修回日期:
2016-08-20
出版日期:
2016-10-08
发布日期:
2016-11-07
第一作者简介:
李永豪(1994-),男,硕士研究生,石油地质与油气地球化学专业。E-mail:lyh369po@163.com。
基金项目:
Li Yonghao1, Cao Jian1, Hu Wenxuan1, Lu Xiancai1, Fan Ming2, Zhang Dianwei3, Hong Dongdong1
Received:
2016-04-06
Revised:
2016-08-20
Online:
2016-10-08
Published:
2016-11-07
Contact:
曹剑(1978-),男,教授、博士生导师,石油地质与有机地球化学,E-mail:jcao@nju.edu.cn
E-mail:jcao@nju.edu.cn
摘要: 膏盐岩是全球范围内最为重要的一种油气盖层,越来越多的勘探实例显示膏盐岩油气封盖性差异显著。为加强对这个科学问题的理解,综述了此领域的研究进展。结果表明,膏盐岩的成因主要有膏盐盆和萨布哈两种,分别呈环带状和平行岸线的带状分布。前者分布广、厚度大,最具封盖意义。膏盐岩的封盖机理主要包括物性、超压和塑性三重封闭。膏盐岩的溶蚀在垂向上可划分为4个带:顶部溶蚀带、断层溶蚀带、层内水溶蚀带和底部溶蚀带;平面上可划分为3个区:岩溶高地、岩溶斜坡和岩溶盆地。在评价膏盐岩封盖性时,要多方面综合考虑。首先是内因,即膏盐岩的分布面积、完整度与厚度等。在此基础上再分析溶蚀作用和构造作用(外因)对封盖性的影响。评价的定量化是发展趋势,尤其是溶蚀和构造作用(外因)对膏盐岩封盖性的影响,目前的研究还处于探索阶段,这是今后工作的重点与难点。
中图分类号:
[1] Surkov V S,Grishin M P,Larichev A I,et al.The Riphean sedimentary basins of the Eastern Siberia Province and their petroleum potential[J].Precambrian Research,1991,54(1):37-44. [2] Chen Z H,Osadetz K G,Li M W.Spatial characteristics of Middle Devonian oils and non-associated gases in the Rainbow area,northwest Alberta[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2005,22(3):391-401. [3] Liu S G,Zhang Z J,Huang W M,et al.Formation and destruction processes of upper Sinian oil-gas pools in the Dingshan-Lintanchang structural belt,southeast Sichuan Basin,China[J].Petroleum Science,2010,7(3):289-301. [4] Beydoun Z R.Arabian plate oil and gas:why so rich and so prolific?[J].Episodes-Newsmagazine of the International Union of Geological Sciences,1998,21(2):74-81. [5] Halbouty M T.Giant oil and gas fields of the decade,1990-1999[M].Tulsa:AAPG,2003:1-340. [6] 周兴熙.库车油气系统成藏作用与成藏模式[J].石油勘探与开发,2001,28(2):8-10. Zhou Xingxi.The reservoir-forming process and model in the Kuqa petroleum system[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2001,28(2):8-10. [7] 马永生,蔡勋育,李国雄.四川盆地普光大型气藏基本特征及成藏富集规律[J].地质学报,2005,79(6):858-865. MaYongsheng,Cai Xunyu,Li Guoxiong.Basic characteristics and concentration of the Puguang gas field in the Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2005,79(6):858-865. [8] 马永生.四川盆地普光超大型气田的形成机制[J].石油学报,2007,28(2):9-14. Ma Yongsheng.Generation mechanism of Puguang gas field in Sichuan Basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2007,28(2):9-14. [9] 秦胜飞,贾承造,陶士振.塔里木盆地库车坳陷油气成藏的若干特征[J].中国地质,2002,29(1):103-108. Qin Shengfei,Jia Chengzao,Tao Shizhen.Some characteristics of oil and gas accumulation in the Kuqa depression,Tarim basin[J].Geology in China,2002,29(1):103-108. [10] 张淮,饶轶群,张挺军,等.哈萨克斯坦滨里海盆地盐下层系油气成藏组合特征及勘探方向[J].中国石油勘探,2007,12(1):81-86. Zhang Huai,Rao Yiqun,Zhang Tingjun,et al.Features and exploration trends of hydrocarbon accumulation assemblage of the subsalt strata in Marginal Caspian Basin of Kazakhstan[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2007,12(1):81-86. [11] 刘洛夫,朱毅秀,胡爱梅,等.滨里海盆地盐下层系的油气地质特征[J].西南石油大学学报,2002,24(3):11-15. Liu Luofu,Zhu Yixiu,Hu Aimei,et al.Petroleum geology of pre-salt sediments in the Pre-Caspian Basin[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,2002,24(3):11-15. [12] 金之钧,王骏,张生根,等.滨里海盆地盐下油气成藏主控因素及勘探方向[J].石油实验地质,2007,29(2):111-115. Jin Zhijun,Wang Jun,Zhang Shenggen,et al.Main factors controlling hydrocarbon reservoirs and exploration directions in the pre-salt sequence in Precaspian Basin[J].Petroleum Geology and Experiment,2007,29(2):111-115. [13] 孙龙德,李曰俊,宋文杰,等.塔里木盆地北部构造与油气分布规律[J].地质科学,200237(S1):1-13. Sun Longde,Li Yuejun,Song Wenjie,et al.Tectonics and oil-gas distribution in the North Tarim Basin,NW China[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2002,37(S1):1-13. [14] 张厚福,方朝亮,高先志,等.石油地质学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1999:123. Zhang Houfu,Fang Chaoliang,Gao Xianzhi,et al.Petroleum geology[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1999:123. [15] Gale J F W,Reed R M,Holder J.Natural fractures in the Barnett Shale and their importance for hydraulic fracture treatments[J].AAPG Bulletin,2007,91(4):603-622. [16] Yumuang S,Khantaprab C,Taiyagupt M.The evaporite deposits in Baronet Narong area,Northeastern Thailand[J].GEOSEA V Proceedings,1986,11:249-267. [17] 张元春,陆黄生,吴海燕.川东北元坝地区膏盐岩盖层分布特征[J].新疆石油地质,2012,33(4):450-452. Zhang Yuanchun,Lu Huangsheng,Wu Haiyan.Distribution of gypsum-salt cap rocks in Yuanba Area of Northeastern Sichuan Basin[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2012,33(4):450-452. [18] 冉隆辉,谢姚祥,戴弹申.四川盆地东南部寒武系含气前景新认识[J].天然气工业,2008,28(5):5-9. Ran Longhui,Xie Yaoxiang,Dai Tanshen.New knowledge of gas-bearing potential in Cambrian system of southeast Sichuan Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(5):5-9. [19] Raines M A,Dewers T A.Mixed transport/reaction control of gypsum dissolution kinetics in aqueous solutions and initiation of gypsum karst[J].Chemical Geology,1997,140(1/2):29-48. [20] 赵振宇,周瑶琪,马晓鸣,等.含油气盆地中膏盐岩层对油气成藏的重要影响[J].石油与天然气地质,2007,28(2):299-308. Zhao Zhenyu,Zhou Yaoqi,Ma Xiaoming,et al.The impact of saline deposit upon the hydrocarbon accumulation in petroliferous basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2007,28(2):299-308. [21] 孙镇城,杨藩,张枝焕,等.中国新生代咸化湖泊沉积环境与油气生成[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997:179-216. Sun Zhencheng,Yang Fan,Zhang Zhihuan,et al.Sedimentary environment and oil and gas generation of the new generation of salt lakes in China[M].Beijing:Petroleum Industry Press,1997:179-216. [22] 徐磊,操应长,王艳忠,等.东营凹陷古近系膏盐岩成因模式及其与油气藏的关系[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2008,32(3):30-35,39. Xu Lei,Cao Yingchang,Wang Yanzhong,et al.Genetic model of salt-gypsum rock of Paleogene in Dongying depression and its relationship with hydrocarbon reservoir[J].Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science),2008,32(3):30-35,39. [23] Masson P H.An occurrence of gypsum in southwest Texas[J].Journal of Sedimentary Research,1955,25(1):72-77. [24] Kinsman D J J.Modes of formation,sedimentary associations,and diagnostic features of shallow-water and supratidal evaporites[J].AAPG Bulletin,1969,53(4):830-840. [25] 袁见齐,霍承禹,蔡克勤.高山深盆的成盐环境——一种新的成盐模式的剖析[J].地质论评,1983,29(2):159-165. Yuan Jianqi,Huo Chengyu,Cai Keqin.The high mountain-deep basin saline environment-a new genetic model of salt deposits[J].Geological Review,1983,29(2):159-165. [26] Schmalz R F.Deep-water evaporite deposition:a genetic model[J].AAPG Bulletin,1969,53(4):798-823. [27] Bąbel M.Depositional environments of a salina-type evaporite basin recorded in the Badenian gypsum facies in the northern Carpathian Foredeep[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2007,285(1):107-142. [28] Hsu K J.Origin of saline giants:a critical review after the discovery of the Mediterranean evaporite[J].Earth-Science Reviews,1972,8(4):371-396. [29] 薛平.陆表海台地型蒸发岩的成因探讨[J].地质论评,1986,32(1):59-66. Xue Ping.Ogigin of evaporates in a vast epicontinental plaform sea[J].Geological Review,1986,32(1):59-66. [30] 袁见齐.关于钾盐矿床形成条件的几个问题[J].盐湖研究,1975(4):36-41. Yuan Jianqi.Several problems about the formation conditions of potash deposits[J].Journal of Salt Lake Research,1975(4):36-41. [31] 李凌,谭秀成,邹春,等.四川盆地雷口坡组膏盐岩成因及膏盐盆迁移演化与构造意义[J].地质学报,2012,86(2):316-324. Li Ling,Tan Xiucheng,Zou Chun,et al.Origin of the Leikoupo formation gypsum-salt and migration evolution of the gypsum-salt pot in the Sichuan basin,and their structural significance[J].Acta Geologica Sinica,2012,86(2):316-324. [32] 邓尔新.关于萨布哈成因的石膏和硬石膏矿床[J].成都理工大学学报(自然科学版),1981(2):31-38. Deng Erxin.About the Sabkha gypsum and anhydrite deposit[J].Journal of Chengdu University of Technology (Science & Technology Edition),1981(2):31-38. [33] Treesh M I,Friedman G M.Sabkha deposition of the Salina group (Upper Silurian) of New York state[C]//Fourth Symposium on Salt.Cleveland:Northern Ohio Geological Society,1974,1:35-46. [34] 包洪平,杨承运,黄建松."干化蒸发"与"回灌重溶"——对鄂尔多斯盆地东部奥陶系蒸发岩成因的新认识[J].古地理学报,2004,6(3):279-288. Bao Hongping,Yang Chengyun,Huang Jiansong."Evaporation drying" and "reinfluxing and redissolving"-a new hypothesis concerning formation of the Ordovician evaporites in eastern Ordos Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2004,6(3):279-288. [35] 王一刚,张静,刘兴刚,等.四川盆地东北部下三叠统飞仙关组碳酸盐蒸发台地沉积相[J].古地理学报,2005,7(3):357-371. Wang Yigang,Zhang Jing,Liu Xinggang,et al.Sedimentary facies of evaporative carbonate platform of the Feixianguan Formation of Lower Triassic in northeastern Sichuan Basin[J].Journal of Palaeogeography,2005,7(3):357-371. [36] 杨传忠,张先普.油气盖层力学性与封闭性关系[J].西南石油学院学报,1994,16(3):7-13. Yang Chuanzhong,Zhang Xianpu.Relationship between dynamics of Caprocks and characteristics of seal[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum Institute,1994,16(3):7-13. [37] 胡剑风,刘玉魁,杨明慧,等.塔里木盆地库车坳陷盐构造特征及其与油气的关系[J].地质科学,2004,39(4):580-588. Hu Jianfeng,Liu Yukui,Yang Minghui,et al.Salt structure characteri-stics and its relation to hydrocarbon accumulation in the Kuqa depression,Tarim Basin[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2004,39(4):580-588. [38] Wagner Ⅲ B H,Jackson M P A.Viscous flow during salt welding[J].Tectonophysics,2011,510(3/4):309-326. [39] 文竹,何登发,童晓光.蒸发岩发育特征及其对大油气田形成的影响[J].新疆石油地质,2012,33(3):373-378. Wen Zhu,He Dengfa,Tong Xiaoguang.Global evaporites development characteristics and their effects on formation of giant oil fields[J].Xinjiang Petroleum Geology,2012,33(3):373-378. [40] Warner M J C,Elders C,Davis T,et al.Salt Tectonics above complex basement extensional fault systems:results from 3D seismic analysis of central graben salt structures[C]//2002 AAPG Annual Convention.2002:10-13. [41] 周雁,金之钧,朱东亚,等.油气盖层研究现状与认识进展[J].石油实验地质,2012,34(3):234-245. Zhou Yan,Jin Zhijun,Zhu Dongya,et al.Current status and progress in research of hydrocarbon cap rocks[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2012,34(3):234-245. [42] Grassmann S,Cramer B,Delisle G,et al.Geological history and petroleum system of the Mittelplate oil field,Northern Germany[J].International Journal of Earth Sciences,2005,94(5-6):979-989. [43] Harding T P,Lowell J D.Structural styles,their plate-tectonic habitats,and hydrocarbon traps in petroleum provinces[J].AAPG Bulletin,1979,63(7):1016-1058. [44] 李双建,孙冬胜,郑孟林,等.四川盆地寒武系盐相关构造及其控油气作用[J].石油与天然气地质,2014,35(5):622-631. Li Shuangjian,Sun Dongsheng,Zheng Menglin,et al.Salt-related structure and its control on hydrocarbon of the Cambrian in Sichuan Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2014,35(5):622-631. [45] Osborne M J,Swarbrick R E.Mechanisms for generating overpressure in sedimentary basins:a reevaluation[J].AAPG Bulletin,1997,81(6):1023-1041. [46] Philipp S L.Geometry and formation of gypsum veins in mudstones at Watchet,Somerset,SW England[J].Geological Magazine,2008,145(6):831-844. [47] 徐士林,吕修祥,杨明慧,等.库车坳陷膏盐岩对异常高压保存的控制作用[J].西安石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004,19(4):5-8. Xu Shilin,Lv Xiuxiang,Yang Minghui,et al.Controlling effect of gypsum and salt rocks on abnormally high pressure in Kuche Depression[J].Journal of Xi'an Shiyou University (Natural Science Edition),2004,19(4):5-8. [48] 孙明亮,柳广弟,李剑.气藏的盖层特征及划分标准[J].天然气工业,2008,28(8):36-38. Sun Mingliang,Liu Guangdi,Li Jian.Features of cap rocks of gas pools and criteria of identification[J].Natural Gas Industry,2008,28(8):36-38. [49] 刘树根,孙玮,钟勇,等.四川叠合盆地深层海相碳酸盐岩油气的形成和分布理论探讨[J].中国石油勘探,2016,21(1):15-27. Liu Shugen,Sun Wei,Zhong Yong,et al.Discussion on the theories of the hydrocarbon formation and distribution of the deep-seated marine carbonates in the Sichuan superimposed basin,China[J].China Petroleum Exploration,2016,21(1):15-27. [50] Kemper W D,Olsen J,DeMooy C J.Dissolution rate of gypsum in flowing water[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,1975,39(3):458-463. [51] Liguori V,Manno G,Mortellaro D.Evaporite karst in Sicily[J].Environmental Geology,2008,53(5):975-980. [52] Gutiérrez F,Calaforra J M,Cardona F,et al.Geological and environmental implications of the evaporite karst in Spain[J].Environmental Geology,2008,53(5):951-965. [53] Johnson K S.Evaporite-karst problems and studies in the USA[J].Environmental Geology,2008,53(5):937-943. [54] 邸领军,杨承运,杨奕华,等.鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组溶斑形成机理[J].沉积学报,2003,21(2):260-265. Di Lingjun,Yang Chengyun,Yang Yihua,et al.Solution spot genetic mechanism of Majiagou formation in Ordovician of Ordos Basin[J].Acta Sedimentologica Sinica,2003,21(2):260-265. [55] Giles K A,Lawton T F.Attributes and evolution of an exhumed salt weld,La Popa basin,northeastern Mexico[J].Geology,1999,27(4):323-326. [56] Rowan M G,Lawton T F,Giles K A.Anatomy of an exposed vertical salt weld and flanking strata,La Popa Basin,Mexico[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2012,363(1):33-57. [57] 聂明龙,吴蕾,孙林,等.阿姆河盆地查尔朱阶地及邻区盐相关断裂特征与油气地质意义[J].石油与天然气地质,2013,34(6):803-808. Nie Minglong,Wu Lei,Sun Lin,et al.Salt-related fault characteristics and their petroleum geological significance in Zarzhu terrace and its adjacent areas,the Amu Darya Basin[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2013,34(6):803-808. [58] 吴桐,付晓飞,王海学,等.膏盐岩脆塑性变形特征及封闭能力定量评价[J].地质论评,2016,62(1):127-137. Wu Tong,Fu Xiaofei,Wang Haixue,et al.Brittle ductile deformation characteristics of anhydrite-salt rock and quantitative evaluation of its sealing ability[J].Geological Review,2016,62(1):127-137. [59] 金之钧,周雁,云金表,等.我国海相地层膏盐岩盖层分布与近期油气勘探方向[J].石油与天然气地质,2010,31(6):715-724. Jin Zhijun,Zhou Yan,Yun Jinbiao,et al.Distribution of gypsum-salt cap rocks and near-term hydrocarbon exploration targets in the marine sequences of China[J].Oil & Gas Geology,2010,31(6):715-724. [60] 贾承造,赵文智,魏国齐,等.盐构造与油气勘探[J].石油勘探与开发,2003,30(2):17-19. Jia Chengzao,Zhao Wenzhi,Wei Guoqi,et al.Salt structures and exploration of oil and gas[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2003,30(2):17-19. [61] 李亚林,王成善,李永铁.西藏羌塘盆地侏罗系膏盐岩与油气成藏[J].石油学报,2008,29(2):173-178. Li Yalin,Wang Chengshan,Li Yongtie.Characteristics of the Jurassic saline deposits and its significance to hydrocarbon accumulation in Qiangtang Basin of Tibet area[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2008,29(2):173-178. [62] Guerrero J,Gutiérrez F,Lucha P.Paleosubsidence and active subside-nce due to evaporite dissolution in the Zaragoza area (Huerva River valley,NE Spain):processes,spatial distribution and protection measures for transport routes[J].Engineering Geology,2004,72(3/4):309-329. [63] Gaarenstroom L,Tromp R A J,de Jong M C,et al.Overpressures in the Central North Sea:implications for trap integrity and drilling safety[C]//Proceedings of 4th Conference on Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe.London:Geological Society,,1993,4:1305-1313. [64] 吕延防,万军,沙子萱,等.被断裂破坏的盖层封闭能力评价方法及其应用[J].地质科学,2008,43(1):162-174. Lv Yanfang,Wan Jun,Sha Zixuan,et al.Evaluation method for seal ability of cap rock destructed by faulting and its application[J].Chinese Journal of Geology,2008,43(1):162-174. [65] Faulkner D R,Mitchell T M,Rutter E H,et al.On the structure and mechanical properties of large strike-slip faults[J].Geological Society,London,Special Publications,2008,299(1):139-150. [66] Byerlee J D.Brittle-ductile transition in rocks[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1968,73(14):4741-4750. [67] Kohlstedt D L,Evans B,Mackwell S J.Strength of the lithosphere:constraints imposed by laboratory experiments[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1995,100(B9):17587-17602. [68] 李双建,周雁,孙冬胜.评价盖层有效性的岩石力学实验研究[J].石油实验地质,2013,35(5):574-578,586. Li Shuangjian,Zhou Yan,Sun Dongsheng.Rock mechanic experiment study of evaluation on cap rock effectiveness[J].Petroleum Geology & Experiment,2013,35(5):574-578,586. |
[1] | 李斌, 赵星星, 邬光辉, 韩剑发, 关宝珠, 沈春光. 塔里木盆地塔中Ⅱ区奥陶系油气差异富集模式[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(2): 308-320. |
[2] | 胡安平, 沈安江, 张杰, 吴东旭, 付小东, 蒙绍兴. 碳酸盐岩-膏盐岩高频沉积旋回组合生-储特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(4): 943-956. |
[3] | 沈安江, 胡安平, 张杰, 王小芳, 王慧. 微生物碳酸盐岩“三因素”控储地质认识和分布规律[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(3): 582-596. |
[4] | 段金宝, 金民东, 范志伟, 朱祥, 刘雁婷. 四川盆地东北部中三叠统雷口坡组四段优质储层发育特征及勘探方向[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(4): 898-908. |
[5] | 杨天博, 何治亮, 金振奎, 张军涛, 李双建. 川西北中二叠统超深层白云岩储层孔隙结构及控制因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(1): 116-131. |
[6] | 于洲, 丁振纯, 王利花, 张道峰, 罗超, 魏源, 郭玮, 魏柳斌. 鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶系马家沟组五段膏盐下白云岩储层形成的主控因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2018, 39(6): 1213-1224. |
[7] | 张玉银. 溶蚀作用对火山岩有效储层形成的控制作用——以松辽盆地徐家围子断陷营城组为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2018, 39(3): 587-593. |
[8] | 魏巍, 朱筱敏, 谈明轩, 吴陈冰洁, 薛梦戈, 国殿斌, 蒋飞虎, 吕思翰. 查干凹陷早白垩世热流体活动的证据及其对巴音戈壁组碎屑岩储层的影响[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2017, 38(2): 270-280. |
[9] | 唐颖, 樊太亮, 张涛, 王喆, 郑元超. 构造运动对扎格罗斯前陆盆地白垩系碳酸盐岩储层的影响——以Y油田为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2016, 37(6): 944-951. |
[10] | 薛宗安, 赵玉宏, 吴义平, 朱超, 许海龙, 边海光. 渤海湾盆地歧北斜坡沙河街组储层特征及形成机理[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2015, 36(2): 280-287. |
[11] | 李双建, 孙冬胜, 郑孟林, 孟宪武. 四川盆地寒武系盐相关构造及其控油气作用[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2014, 35(5): 622-631,638. |
[12] | 潘仁芳, 唐小玲, 孟江辉, 张喜满, 龚宇. 桂中坳陷上古生界页岩气保存条件[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2014, 35(4): 534-541. |
[13] | 于川淇, 宋晓蛟, 李景景, 蒋双泽, 张连梁. 长石溶蚀作用对储层物性的影响——以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2013, 34(6): 765-770. |
[14] | 范明,何治亮,李志明,俞凌杰,张文涛,刘伟新,蒋小琼. 碳酸盐岩溶蚀窗的形成及地质意义[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2011, 32(4): 499-505. |
[15] | 金之钧,周 雁,云金表,孙冬胜,龙胜祥. 我国海相地层膏盐岩盖层分布与近期油气勘探方向[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2010, 31(6): 715-724. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||