四川盆地西部彭州气田中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段白云岩孔隙表征、分布及成因

doi:10.11743/ogg20200116

石油与天然气地质 ›› 2020, Vol. 41 ›› Issue (1): 177-188.doi: 10.11743/ogg20200116

四川盆地西部彭州气田中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段白云岩孔隙表征、分布及成因

周凌方^1,²(), 钱一雄¹, 宋晓波³, 曹波³, 尤东华¹, 李勇³

1. 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院无锡石油地质研究所, 江苏无锡 214126
2. 中国石化石油勘探开发研究院, 四川成都 610041
3. 中国石化西南油气分公司勘探开发研究院, 四川成都 610041

收稿日期:2019-08-08 出版日期:2020-02-01 发布日期:2020-01-19
作者简介:周凌方(1969-),男,高级工程师,岩石矿物学。E-mail:jzzlf309@21cn.com
基金资助:
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDAXX010201-3);深地项目(2017YFC060310);国家自然科学联合基金项目(U1663209);中国石化西南油气分公司项目(3445000-14-ZC0607-0025)

Characteristics, distribution and origin of dolomite reservoir in the upper Lei 4 member of the Middle Triassic, Pengzhou gas field, western Sichuan Basin

Lingfang Zhou^1,²(), Yixiong Qian¹, Xiaobo Song³, Bo Cao³, Donghua You¹, Yong Li³

1. Wuxi Research Institute of Petroleum Geology, Petroleum Exploration & Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214126, China
2. Petroleum Exploration & Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
3. Exploration and Development Research Institute, Southwest Oil and Gas Branch of SINOPEC, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China

Received:2019-08-08 Online:2020-02-01 Published:2020-01-19
Supported by:
中国科学院A类战略性先导科技专项(XDAXX010201-3);深地项目(2017YFC060310);国家自然科学联合基金项目(U1663209);中国石化西南油气分公司项目(3445000-14-ZC0607-0025)

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

彭州气田雷口坡组四段上亚段的微生物白云岩和微粉晶白云岩是油气主要的储集岩。在此，采用了多种分析手段及统计方法，深入研究了主要岩性的孔隙类型、物性和孔隙结构参数及其与岩相（尤其是微生物岩）、白云石晶体大小等关系，综合划分出4种储集体类型及致密层段（隔层），初步提出了孔隙形成与分布的主控因素。研究表明：具残余藻结构的白云岩占近四分之三多为泥微晶、粉晶白云石；高频旋回中，自下而上，以藻凝块-藻球粒（藻砂屑）-藻纹层-纹层泥晶；晶粒以颗粒-粉（细）晶-微晶-泥晶呈规律变化；中三叠世的干燥-炎热、超盐度和碱性沉积环境利于微生物岩发育，潮下带上部凝块-叠层石至潮间藻纹层-叠层石至潮上带的薄（藻）纹层的向上变浅的米级旋回，导致中、上部往往发育高孔渗带；早期快速的渗透回流白云岩化及大气淡水作用、浅埋藏期的烃类充注及多期构造裂隙对孔隙演化均起了重要的作用。

关键词: 储层表征, 储集体分布, 储层成因, 白云岩, 雷口坡组, 彭州气田, 四川盆地

Abstract:

Microbiological and micritic-calcisiltic dolomites have been regarded as the dominant reservoir lithology in the upper section of the 4th member of the Leikoupo Formation in Pengzhou gas field. Multiple analytical and statistical methods are applied to study the pore types, physical properties, and pore structure parameters, as well as their impact on lithofacies (especially for microbialite) and crystal size of the dolomites. Besides, four types of reservoirs and the tight zones (interlayers) are identified. The main factors controlling pore formation and distribution are hereby proposed. The results show that dolomites with various microbial textures account for nearly 3/4 of the total formation, most of which are silty-micritic and calcisiltic dolomites. In a high-frequency cycle, the dolomite textures vary upwards from algal clot, to algal spheroid (or algal arene), to algal lamina, and then to laminated silty types. In terms of grain size, a cycle is composed regularly of grained, very fine-(fine-) crystal, micritic, and silty dolomites from the bottom to the top. A dry, hot and alkaline sedimentary environment of hypersalinity prevailed during the Middle Triassic, favorable for the development of microbialites. The meter-scale shallowing-upward cycles of thin (algal) laminae, that is, from the thrombolites and stromatolites in the upper part of the subtidal zone to the intertidal algal laminae-stromatolites, and then to the thin (algal) laminae in the supratidal zone, caused the well development of zones of high porosity and permeability in the upper and middle parts of the sequence. In addition, factors including rapid seepage reflux dolomitization and meteoric freshwater dissolution, early hydrocarbon charging in the shallow burial stage, and multi-stage tectonic fracturing, all play an important role in pore development and preservation.

Key words: reservoir characterization, distribution of reservoirs, origin of reservoirs, dolomite, Leikoupo Formation, Pengzhou gas field, Sichuan Basin

中图分类号:

TE122.2

周凌方,钱一雄,宋晓波,等. 四川盆地西部彭州气田中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段白云岩孔隙表征、分布及成因[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(1): 177-188. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200116 Lingfang Zhou,Yixiong Qian,Xiaobo Song,et al. Characteristics, distribution and origin of dolomite reservoir in the upper Lei 4 member of the Middle Triassic, Pengzhou gas field, western Sichuan Basin[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(1): 177-188. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200116

图/表 13

图1

表1

图2

彭州气田中三叠统雷四上亚段代表性碳酸盐岩岩石及孔隙类型 a.YS1井，埋深5 793.95 m，藻纹层-叠层石云岩，明暗纹层，窗格扩溶-格架孔洞，暗色中的藻间溶孔洞较为发育，高孔高渗；b.YS1井，埋深5 793.95 m，残余藻纹层/球粒(50~100 μm，30%~40%)-泥微晶云岩，溶蚀孔洞IP(50~100 μm)，微裂隙，面孔率为10%~12%，少量自形白云石(大小0.5~0.8 mm)，1/4~1/5充填，高孔高渗；c.YS1井，埋深5 792.94 m,残余藻纹层-球粒云岩,发育扩溶的窗格孔洞,非组构的扩溶缝洞以及与藻纹层、球粒有关的MO-IP(50~200 μm)，半自形白云石直面镶嵌，二组开启微裂隙，面孔率一般为2%~4%，局部达6%~8%，高孔高渗；d.YS1井，埋深5 775.13 m,残余藻纹层-球粒云岩与残余凝(斑块)云岩，前者发育窗格(扩溶)孔、晶间(溶)孔；后者发育粒间孔、粒内溶孔及晶间(溶)孔，岩性分界面，受残余藻结构影响，自高孔高渗(左)-中低渗(右)；e.SYS1井，埋深6 193.43 m，残余砂屑或鲕粒云岩，模糊的幻影构造，铸模孔、晶间(溶)孔，高孔高渗-中渗；f.SYS1井，埋深6 193.43 m，含粗枝藻的凝块粘结灰岩，发育泡沫绵层构造，粗枝藻或藻凝块中的GF(0.01~0.05 mm)，面孔率1%~2%，大量粒间溶孔IP(50~100 μm)，1/4~1/5被菱形白云石D1(0.5~0.8 mm)充填，面孔率3%~5%，局部达10%~12%，中孔中渗；g.SYS1井，埋深6 191.87 m，含生屑-残余藻砂屑-球粒粘结的粉晶云岩，发育铸模孔或体腔残余孔隙、晶(粒)间(溶)孔、二组网状开启微裂隙，中孔中渗；h.SYS1井，埋深6 240.96 m，粉细晶白云岩，半自形-自形曲面-直面镶嵌结构，晶间孔，网状开启微裂隙,中低孔高渗；i.SYS1井，埋深6 228.22 m,含有孔虫的藻凝块灰岩，泥晶套，纤状-粒状胶结，少量溶孔及微裂隙，中低孔中低渗; j.SYS1井，埋深6 178.43 m，弱云化核形石灰岩，呈杂乱半球形R，等晶粒状胶结，近圆形-椭园形核形石中残留了生物钻孔或藻、菌(BSR？)斑点或丝带结构，低孔低渗；k.PZ1井，埋深5 766.85 m，残余藻纹层泥粉晶云岩,半自形白云石直面粒状镶嵌，极少量晶间溶孔IP、横微裂隙(0.08~0.10 mm/条)受限于“残余藻纹层”中，局部呈网状扩溶缝孔(50~250 μm)，低孔中高渗；l.SYS1井，埋深6 182.93 m,灰质泥粉晶云岩，强烈的去云化作用，约占25%~30%，少量残余晶间孔，低孔低渗"

图2

图3

图4

图5

表2

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图7

表3

图8

表4

图9

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类型	组构选择性	种类及特征
A	组构选择性溶蚀	粒间孔IP、晶间孔BC、粒内孔WP、窗格孔FE、遮蔽孔SH，铸模孔MO、与生物有关格架(GF)、微生物席(凝块、核形石、藻纹层-叠层石等)藻菌有关的有机孔OM、膏溶模孔、生物扰动-钻孔-遗迹、潜穴BO-BU等
B	组构-非组构溶蚀	角砾间(溶)孔，窗格溶孔(洞)、膏溶孔洞、各种残余孔(洞)等
C	裂隙-非组构溶蚀	张扭裂隙、压扭剪切(X共轭、雁行排列)、扩溶缝(洞)、溶孔洞(穴)、溶沟-渠道等
D	微孔隙	0.02~10 μm孔隙，泥晶白云石、方解石晶间微孔；凝块、叠层石、藻纹层中微孔、粘土有机质中微孔以及晶体内微孔(石膏、天青石、萤石、黄铁矿等)

岩石类型	储集空间	孔隙结构	排驱压力/MPa	孔喉半径/μm	孔隙度/%	渗透率/(10^-3 μm²)
泥微晶白云岩	微裂隙和微孔隙	纳米孔喉，连通性差	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.14 \sim 4.34}}}}{{{\rm{1.90(7)}}}}$	$\frac{{{\rm{0.17 \sim 5.23}}}}{{{\rm{1.10(7)}}}} $	$ \frac{{{\rm{1.08 \sim 3.70}}}}{{{\rm{2.32(7)}}}}$	$\frac{{{\rm{0.004 \sim 0.542}}}}{{{\rm{0.106(6)}}}} $
微粉晶白云岩	晶间(溶)孔	大孔喉，连通性好	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.18 \sim 1.93}}}}{{{\rm{0.63(5)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.38 \sim 5.32}}}}{{{\rm{2.62(5)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{2.46 \sim 5.77}}}}{{{\rm{3.94(5)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.070 \sim 14.100}}}}{{{\rm{3.156(5)}}}}$
藻凝块(藻团块)白云岩	(藻)格架孔、粒间(溶)孔	亚微米孔喉，连通性一般	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.14 \sim 0.45}}}}{{{\rm{0.32(5)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{1.62 \sim 5.31}}}}{{{\rm{2.75(5)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{2.63 \sim 7.61}}}}{{{\rm{5.61(5)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.030 \sim 2.120}}}}{{{\rm{0.913(5)}}}}$
藻球粒(藻砂屑)白云岩	(藻)格架孔、粒间(溶)孔和微孔隙	亚微米孔喉，连通性一般	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.14 \sim 1.79}}}}{{{\rm{0.66(7)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.41 \sim 5.23}}}}{{{\rm{2.1(7)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{2.66 \sim 8.89}}}}{{{\rm{5.68(7)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.004 \sim 1.520}}}}{{{\rm{0.491(7)}}}}$
藻纹层藻粘结白云岩	(藻)格架孔晶间(溶孔)	大孔喉，连通性好	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.07 \sim 1.15}}}}{{{\rm{0.32(21)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.64 \sim 103.58}}}}{{{\rm{10.82(21)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{2.19 \sim 15.13}}}}{{{\rm{6.15(21)}}}}$	$ \frac{{{\rm{0.056 \sim 10.300}}}}{{{\rm{1.133(20)}}}}$

储层分类	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ(致密层)
孔隙度/%	>10	10~5	5~2	< 2
渗透率/(10^-3 μm²)	>5	5~0.1	0.1~0.01	< 0.01
平均孔喉半径/μm	>0.3	0.3~0.1	0.1~0.05	< 0.05
主要岩石类型	藻纹层-球粒、叠层石云岩、藻纹层-藻粘结云岩及藻砂屑(凝块)云岩、粉细晶云岩	藻球粒-藻纹层-藻粘结云岩、粉(细)晶云岩、藻凝块云岩、藻砂屑(凝块)云岩	残余藻球粒(或纹层)(含灰)泥粉晶云岩、砂屑(凝块)-藻粘结云岩、含灰粉晶云岩	含灰(膏)泥(粉)晶云岩、含云的泥晶灰岩或藻粘结灰岩、含云的生屑泥晶灰岩
孔隙类型	窗格(扩)溶孔洞、藻格架孔、溶孔洞、粒内溶孔、晶间(溶)孔及裂隙、扩溶缝、角砾状溶孔	晶间(溶)孔、窗格(扩溶)孔、粒内(间)孔、溶孔(洞)、残留孔隙、微裂隙、扩溶缝	晶间孔、粒内孔(微孔隙)、窗格孔、角砾状孔、微裂隙、铸模孔、扩溶缝、残余孔	晶(粒)间孔、粒间(内)孔、微孔隙
其他特征	无或较弱的胶结、油斑或油迹	白云石、方解石胶结或充填等、少量油斑	去云化、白云石、方解石胶结或充填等	微生物矿化、白云岩化、去云化、石膏胶结

埋深/m	层段	主要岩性	微相与旋回	成岩作用(胶结类型及比例)	不同类型孔隙比例	实测物性
5 763.95~ 5 767.77	T₂l⁴ (3-1)	有孔虫球粒-砂屑-核形石灰岩	SMF18, 21, 13	C0-CⅠ(1%0~15%)、剩余孔隙1%~2%、溶缝孔5%~10%(CⅠ-CⅡ)全部胶结，缝合线白云化(1%~3%)，微裂隙孔隙1%~2%	溶缝31%，BC-IP16%，藻溶孔53%(n=19)	孔隙度< 2%，个别样品达4%，渗透率< 0.1×10^-³ μm²
5 808.00~ 5 815.30	T₂l⁴ (3-2)	砂屑-球粒-叠层石白云质灰岩	向上变深, SMF11, 16, 21, 19	泥晶套	溶缝17%，MO+FE(7.0%)，BC-IP27%，藻溶孔27.6%(n=29)
5 808.00~ 5 815.30	T₂l⁴ (3-2)	残余藻球粒-粉晶-泥晶白云岩、灰质白云岩	向上变深, SMF11, 16, 21, 19	雾心亮边、去白云化、偶含硬石膏、扩溶缝	溶缝17%，MO+FE(7.0%)，BC-IP27%，藻溶孔27.6%(n=29)	孔隙度为2%~5%，渗透率介于0.01×10^-3~0.1×10^-3μm²
5 817.80~ 5 821.00	T₂l⁴ (3-3)	粉晶-凝块-球粒-微晶与凝块白云岩夹薄层残余藻球粒灰质白云岩	2个向上变深, SMF17，13	非组构扩溶缝洞、FE、渗流砂	溶缝18.8%，MO+FE(8.3%)，BC-IP41.7%，藻溶孔31.25%(n=29)	孔隙度部分大于5%，渗透率介于0.1×10^-3~10×10^-3 μm²
5 821.60~ 5 825.80	T₂l⁴ (3-4)	砂屑-凝块-球粒-泥晶白云岩	向上变浅, SMF16	棘皮(纤状C00+粒状C01：10%)-巨晶CⅡ(20%~30%)，云化50%~60%(5 821.88 m),溶孔(CⅠ)+裂隙CⅠ(10%)(5 822.95 m)		孔隙度为2%~3%，渗透率介于0.1×10^-3~1.0×10^-3 μm²
5 825.80~ 5 828.80		含生屑球粒-凝块-粉晶-砂屑灰质白云岩	向上变深	砂屑-凝块(纤状-粒状C00-C01, 10%)，溶孔CⅠ(5%~8%)，MO(1%~2%); FE5%~8%，CⅠ，扩溶孔，泡沬状，FE3%~5%(CⅠ1%~2%胶结)
5 825.80~ 5 828.80		粉晶-泥粉晶-粉细晶白云岩	强白云化, SMF18	晶间孔、晶间溶孔、微裂隙		孔隙度为2%~5%，渗透率介于0.1×10^-3~1.0×10^-3 μm²

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四川盆地西部彭州气田中三叠统雷口坡组四段上亚段白云岩孔隙表征、分布及成因

Characteristics, distribution and origin of dolomite reservoir in the upper Lei 4 member of the Middle Triassic, Pengzhou gas field, western Sichuan Basin

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