中国中西部大型盆地致密砂岩油气“甜点”类型与特征

doi:10.11743/ogg20200403

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

中国中西部主要盆地致密砂岩油气资源丰富，是油气勘探开发的重要领域，但致密砂岩油气的形成和分布复杂、多变，制约勘探开发获得更好的效益。解决这一问题的途径之一，就是评价、筛选和开发利用其中的“甜点”，以减少不确定性。分析中西部大型盆地碎屑岩层系致密油气的特点，同时考虑现场资料与预测技术友好、形成机理与分布规律相对统一、经济与技术策略相对一致等要求，以控制甜点储层形成、分布的主要地质作用为线索，将甜点分为相控型、缝控型和壳控型三大类以及不同类型。其中，相控型甜点储层受控于埋藏过程中的成岩作用，发育于特定的岩石相内部；缝控型甜点形成于断裂和褶皱等强构造变形位置，以裂缝网络作为油气储、渗的关键要素；壳控型甜点形成于长期抬升的强风化淋滤作用下，在风化壳内部淋滤层的约束下发育和分布。在此基础上，以四川盆地川西坳陷东坡侏罗系的“窄河道”、四川盆地北部马路背地区须家河组的“断缝体”以及准噶尔盆地西部车排子地区的石炭系为实例，分析了不同类型甜点形成、分布特征和主要控制因素。以成储地质作用及其产物对甜点进行分类，可以促进对致密砂岩油气甜点（区）形成、分布规律的研究与表征，也有助于采取针对性的地质、地球物理及工程技术策略，更好地评价、优选和开发甜点。

关键词: 窄河道, 断缝体, 相控型甜点, 缝控型甜点, 壳控型甜点, 储层, 致密砂岩油气, 中国中西部盆地

Abstract:

The major basins of central-western China are rich in tight (sandstone) oil and gas deposits, which are the key exploration and development targets of the petroleum industry.However, the formation and distribution of these resources are complex and has put economic restrictions on their extraction.One way to solve this problem is to evaluate, screen and exploit "sweet spots" (promising reservoirs) to reduce uncertainties.Based on a characterization of tight oil and gas in clastic sequences of these basins, this study focused on classifying sweet spots by analyzing geological factors that controlled the formation and distribution of the sweet spots and by taking into consideration the applicability of prediction technologies to field data, a relative consistency between forming mechanisms and distribution patterns, and an integration of economic and technical strategies.The sweet spots were generally classified into the lithofacies-restrained, fracture-dominated, and unconformity-regulated types.Of which, the lithofacies-restrained sweet spots were controlled by diagenesis during burial and developed inside certain lithofacies; the fracture-dominated sweet spots were controlled by fracture networks and mainly formed in faults and folds with strong structural-deformation; and the unconformity-regulated sweet spots were controlled by leaching layers inside weathering crust and formed during long-term uplifting and strong weathering.The Jurassic "narrow channel" in the east slope of the West Sichuan Depression, the Xujiahe "fault-fractured complex" in Malubei area of northern Sichuan Basin, and the Carboniferous System in Chepaizi area of western Junggar Basin were selected to respectively analyze the formation, distribution and controlling factors of the three types of sweet spots.The results show that the classification by reservoir-forming geological processes and products is helpful for further studying the sweet spots and formulating more suitable geological, geophysical and engineering strategies to better evaluate, optimize and develop the sweet spots.

Key words: narrow-channel, fault-fractured complex, lithofacies-restrained sweet spot, fracture-dominated sweet spot, unconformity-regulated sweet spot, reservoir, tight sandstone oil and gas, basins in central-western China

中图分类号:

TE122.2

蔡勋育,邱桂强,孙冬胜,等. 中国中西部大型盆地致密砂岩油气“甜点”类型与特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(4): 684-695. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200403 Xunyu Cai,Guiqiang Qiu,Dongsheng Sun,et al. Types and characteristics of tight sandstone sweet spots in large basins of central-western China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2020, 41(4): 684-695. doi: 10.11743/ogg20200403

图/表 8

图1

表1

致密砂岩主要甜点类型与特征"

类别	成储地质作用	甜点储层主要发育特征	甜点主要分布特点	主要亚类	典型实例
相控型甜点	埋藏过程中的差异成岩作用	1、发育于沉积-成岩作用控制形成的特定岩相内部，受岩相及其内部非均质性影响 2、以残余孔、溶蚀孔等基质孔隙为主，裂缝增加了渗透性	1、发育于构造相对稳定的斜坡-坳陷区、大型沉积体系主体位置，受有效烃源岩或深部古油气藏平面范围的约束 2、纵向上紧邻有效源岩段或通过断裂与之跨越式沟通，前者具有大面积分布特点，后者的分布受断裂控制	水道型、心滩型、岸坝型等	鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组、北部上古生界，四川盆地川西坳陷中生界，塔里木盆地塔中北坡志留系，准噶尔盆地腹部深部位侏罗系等
缝控型甜点	断裂与褶皱等构造变形导致的机械破碎作用	1、受背斜轴部、断层两侧裂缝密集带发育程度控制，可跨越不同的岩石相发育 2、裂缝网络成为储渗关键要素，基质孔隙增加了储集性	1、发育于强烈断裂、褶皱改造的复杂构造区，有效烃源岩或深部古油气藏平面范围内 2、纵向上紧邻有效源岩段或通过断裂与之跨越式沟通，受断裂、褶皱、岩性及组合类型等的控制	断缝型、褶缝型等	四川盆地川北坳陷通南巴地区须家河组、川西坳陷新场地区须家河组等
壳控型甜点	不整合面的风化淋滤作用	1、在风化壳淋滤层等的内部“似层状”发育，受淋滤层等的非均质性控制 2、以淋滤、断裂和卸载等作用形成的孔隙、裂缝为主	1、发育于遭受长期剥蚀的盆缘、古隆起区或斜坡高部位，碳酸岩层系发育程度高于碎屑岩层系 2、断裂、厚砂层或风化壳等构成的复合输导体系与侧向或垂向烃源岩(古油气藏)沟通	—	准噶尔盆地西缘车排子地区石炭系等

表1

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