石油与天然气地质 ›› 2024, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 873-892.doi: 10.11743/ogg20240401
收稿日期:
2024-05-30
修回日期:
2024-07-10
出版日期:
2024-09-05
发布日期:
2024-09-05
第一作者简介:
朱筱敏(1960—),男,教授、博士生导师,沉积地质学和层序地层学。E-mail: xmzhu@cup.edu.cn。
基金项目:
Xiaomin ZHU(), Xiaolin WANG, Meizhou ZHANG, Xingyue LIN, Qin ZHANG
Received:
2024-05-30
Revised:
2024-07-10
Online:
2024-09-05
Published:
2024-09-05
摘要:
细粒沉积环境和岩相时-空分布规律是控制页岩油富集高产的主要因素。在前人细粒沉积环境和岩相研究的基础上,分析研究了松辽、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯和准噶尔等中国典型陆相盆地的细粒沉积环境及主要特征。研究认为:①淡水-微咸水湖盆发育粉砂质纹层、黏土质纹层、有机质纹层的黏土岩、粉砂岩以及二者之间过渡岩性,咸水湖和盐湖多发育具方解石(白云石)纹层及黏土级灰泥纹层的细粒碳酸盐岩和细粒混积岩。②陆相湖盆不同演化阶段发育不同细粒岩相组合。裂陷期细粒沉积岩以富碳酸盐矿物的岩相组合发育为特征,拗陷期形成的富有机质页岩层系则以长英质+黏土质沉积岩相组合为主。③湖盆泥页岩沉积机制主要为悬浮沉降、风成输入、浊流、异重流和泥质碎屑流。④中国陆相页岩油类型多样且资源丰富,松辽、鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、渤海湾等中生代—新生代陆相盆地是中国页岩油勘探开发的重要领域。⑤未来细粒沉积环境和岩相研究重点发展方向:开展天文旋回研究,建立系统有效的沉积古环境判识参数及标准;建立陆相湖盆页岩型、夹层型和混合型细粒沉积岩岩相分类和沉积模式,有效地预测细粒沉积岩岩相时空分布;开展细粒沉积成因过程物理和数值模拟,研究细粒沉积物物理、化学和生物沉积耦合过程和形成发育机理;关注数据集成与深度挖掘、人工智能大数据与计算机辅助技术,研究细粒沉积物分布规律。
中图分类号:
表1
陆相盆地细粒沉积古环境恢复方法和环境特征"
岩相组合类型 | 典型 实例 | 研究方法和环境特征 | 文献来源 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
古气候 | 古盐度 | 氧化-还原条件 | 古水深 | 古生产力 | |||
夹层型 | 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段 | 孢粉化石、CIA、C值,润湿、多雨气候 | Sr/Ba、Rb/K2O、鱼类化石,微咸水-淡水湖盆 | V/Cr、MoEF,缺氧环境 | Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、CaO/MgO·Al2O3,温暖湿润的温带-亚热带气候 | Al、Ti/Al、P/Ti,古生产力较高,火山活动频发 | 刘翰林等,2023[ |
Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、CaO/MgO·Al2O3,温暖湿润的温带-亚热带气候 | Sr/Ba、B含量、Rb/K2O、Th/U,陆相微咸水-淡水环境 | V/(V+Ni)、Th/U,强还原条件 | 沉积构造、介形虫化石,半深水 | — | 付金华等,2018[ | ||
混积型 | 渤海湾盆地沙河街组 | Sr/Mg、Mg/Ca、Sr/Ca、Ba/Sr、孢粉,干燥-半干燥-半潮湿 | Couch公式,主要为咸水,少部分半咸水和盐水环境 | Pr/Ph、Th/U,强还原-还原环境 | Fe/Co,水深10 ~ 60 m,半水深-水深 | — | 杨万芹等,2015[ |
C值、孢粉,整体由干旱向潮湿转化 | Sr/Ba,B/Ga,自下而上为盐水、咸化和半咸水环境 | Ce异常、Ce/La、Ni/Co、Pr/Ph,缺氧还原环境 | Th/U、Rb/K、Zr/Al,自下而上为浅湖、半深湖和深湖环境 | 生源元素埋藏通量MAR值(Pbio) | 刘惠民等,2018[ | ||
准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组 | C值、Sr/Cu,半干旱-半湿润 | Sr/Ba、Sr/Cu、K/Na,半咸水环境 | V/Cr、Cu/Zn、V/(V+Ni)、Ce异常,还原性较强,贫氧的还原环境 | — | P/Ti,中-高古生产力 | 林晓慧等,2019[ | |
CIA,半干旱-半湿润 | Sr/Ba、B/Ga,中等-强分层、底部高盐度 | V/Cr、V/(V+Ni),贫氧-厌氧环境 | — | Cu/Al、Ni/Al,古生产力较高 | 张逊等,2018[ | ||
纯页岩型 | 松辽盆地青山口组 | CIA、C值,温暖湿润 气候 | Sr/Ba、B/Ga,淡水-微咸水环境 | V/(V+Ni),还原环境 | Co、La含量,半深湖-深湖沉积 | P/Ti,青一段比青二段具有更高的古生产力 | 何文渊等,2022[ |
— | Sr/Ba、B/Ga,大部分为微咸水-半咸水环境 | Mo含量、Th/U、Rb/K,贫氧-氧化环境 | — | — | 王岚等,2019[ |
图2
中国典型陆相湖盆细粒沉积岩沉积构造类型a.水平层理,YY1-1井,埋深4 991.2 m,渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段;b.交错层理,X28井,埋深1 922.4 m,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段;c.波状交错层理,Y66井,埋深2 329.3 m,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段;d.递变层理,YY1-1井,埋深4 611.5 m,渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段;e.含泥砾块状层理,YY1-1井,埋深4 739.7 m,渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段;f.块状构造,BY5-1井,埋深3 910.7 m,渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段;g.黏土质纹层、有机质纹层与黏土质纹层,H269井,埋深2 496.2 m,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段;h.粉砂质纹层与黏土质纹层,H53井,埋深2 184.4 m,松辽盆地古龙凹陷青一段[44];i.介壳纹层,H14井,埋深2 065.2 m,松辽盆地古龙凹陷青一段[27];j.方解石纹层,L69井,埋深3 103.4 m,渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷沙三下亚段;k.白云石纹层,G108-8井,埋深3 224.6 m,渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段[46];l.凝灰质纹层,J174井,埋深3 264.6 m,准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组[51](a—f为岩心照片;g—l为薄片显微照片。)"
表2
中国典型陆相盆地细粒沉积岩岩相划分和岩相特征"
研究层位 | 盆地类型 | 划分依据 | 岩相类型 |
---|---|---|---|
鄂尔多斯盆地 三叠系长7段 | 淡水湖盆 | 矿物组成、有机质含量 | 6种岩相:中有机质断续纹层泥岩、中有机质粒序层理粉砂质泥岩、富有机质模糊纹层含粉砂页岩、富有机质变形-微波页岩、富有机质凝灰质页岩等[ |
松辽盆地古龙凹陷 白垩系青一段 | 淡水-微咸水湖盆 | 矿物组成、沉积构造、 有机质含量 | 7种岩相:高有机质页理黏土质泥岩、高有机质块状长英质泥岩、中有机质块状长英质泥岩等[ |
渤海湾盆地东营凹陷 古近系沙四上亚段 | 咸水湖盆 | 矿物组成、有机质含量 | 8种岩相:油页岩、高TOC钙质页岩、含碳酸盐粉砂质页岩、含白云石粉砂质页岩等[ |
渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷 古近系孔二段 | 咸水湖盆 | 矿物组成、沉积构造 | 5种岩相:层状细粒长英沉积岩相、块状细粒混积岩相、纹层状细粒混积岩相、纹层状白云岩相和块状白云岩相[ |
准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷 二叠系芦草沟组 | 咸水-盐水湖盆 | 矿物组成、沉积构造、 有机质含量 | 4种岩相:高碳块状粉砂质砂屑云岩、高碳纹层状粉砂质泥页岩、高碳块状粉砂质砂屑云岩和高碳块状泥质粉砂岩[ |
表3
中国典型陆相沉积盆地细粒沉积物质来源[44,47-48]"
盆地及次级构造 | 地层 | 盆地类型 | 组分含量/% | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
陆源碎屑物质 | 盆内化学沉淀物质 | 火山碎屑物质 | 生物源 物质 | ||||||
黏土矿物 | 长英质矿物 | 碳酸盐矿物 | 黄铁矿 | ||||||
渤海湾盆地 | 沧东凹陷 | 孔二段 | 咸水盆地 | 1 ~ 41(15.90) | 0 ~ 100(35.70) | 0 ~ 100(34.70) | 0 ~ 17(0.60) | 1 ~ 10 | (3.26) |
济阳坳陷 | 沙三下亚段- 沙四上亚段 | 咸水盆地 | 2 ~ 59(21.07) | 3 ~ 100(27.19) | 1 ~ 97(49.60) | 1 ~ 34 (3.20) | — | 2 ~ 4 | |
准噶尔盆地 | 玛湖凹陷 | 风城组 | 咸水盆地 | 22.80 ~ 66.20 (37.88) | 33.33 ~ 99.18(57.40) | 0 ~ 29.43(4.40) | 0 ~ 3.11 (0.24) | 5 ~ 25 | (2.20) |
鄂尔多斯 盆地 | 长7段 | 淡水盆地 | 12.37 ~ 61.50(40.57) | 19.28 ~ 90.52(50.21) | 0 ~ 14.43(5.84) | — | 5 ~ 30 | 3 ~ 16 | |
松辽盆地 | 古龙凹陷 | 青一段 | 淡水盆地 | 6.10 ~ 39.30 (23.50) | 16 ~ 90.20 (62.90) | 1.10 ~ 72.50(7.20) | 1 ~ 12.80 (5.90) | — | 2.67 |
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