中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律

doi:10.11743/ogg20190602

石油与天然气地质 ›› 2019, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6): 1168-1184.doi: 10.11743/ogg20190602

中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律

朱如凯^1,2,3, 邹才能^1,2, 吴松涛^1,2,3, 杨智¹, 毛治国^1,2,3, 杨海波⁴, 范春怡⁴, 惠潇⁵, 崔景伟^1,2,3, 苏玲^1,2,3, 王焕第⁶

1. 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083;
2. 国家能源致密油气研发中心, 北京 100083;
3. 中国石油天然气集团公司油气储层重点实验室, 北京 100083;
4. 中国石油新疆油田分公司, 新疆克拉玛依 834000;
5. 中国石油长庆油田分公司, 陕西西安 710016;
6. 石油工业出版社, 北京 100011

收稿日期:2019-07-22 修回日期:2019-09-02 出版日期:2019-12-28 发布日期:2019-10-15
作者简介:朱如凯(1968-),男,教授级高级工程师,沉积储层与非常规油气地质研究。E-mail:zrk@petrochina.com.cn。
基金资助:
国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目（2014CB239000）；国家科技重大专项（2017ZX05001）；中国石油科技重大专项（2019B-03，2019E-26）。

Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China

Zhu Rukai^1,2,3, Zou Caineng^1,2, Wu Songtao^1,2,3, Yang Zhi¹, Mao Zhiguo^1,2,3, Yang Haibo⁴, Fan Chunyi⁴, Hui Xiao⁵, Cui Jingwei^1,2,3, Su Ling^1,2,3, Wang Huandi⁶

1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
2. National Energy Tight Oil and Gas R & D Center, Beijing 100083, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir, CNPC, Beijing 100083, China;
4. Xinjiang Oilfield Company Ltd., PetroChina, Karamay, Xinjiang 834000, China;
5. Changqing Oilfield Company Ltd., PetroChina, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710016;
6. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing 100011, China

Received:2019-07-22 Revised:2019-09-02 Online:2019-12-28 Published:2019-10-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 中国致密油主要分布在中、新生代陆相含油气盆地中，发育与湖相生油岩共生或接触、大面积分布的致密砂岩油或致密碳酸盐岩油。近年来，陆相致密油勘探开发取得重大进展，截至2018年底，中国陆相致密油已建成产能315.5×10⁴ t，2018年年产量约105×10⁴ t。中国陆相致密油以湖相富有机质页岩为主要烃源岩，多发育于淡水、半咸水-咸水环境，厚度一般为几十至几百米，有机碳含量为0.4%~16.0%，镜质体反射率为0.5%~1.3%，适宜的火山作用、低沉积速率、缺氧还原环境、海水入侵与水体分层是富有机质页岩形成的重要影响因素。中国陆相致密油储层类型包括致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩、致密混积岩和致密沉凝灰岩等，储集层非均质性强、物性差；覆压基质渗透率多小于或等于0.1×10^-3 μm²，以纳米级孔喉系统为主，孔喉半径小，主体直径40~900 nm，孔隙结构复杂；压力系数0.7~1.8，既有超压，也有负压；地层能量、原油品质变化大，原油密度0.75~0.92 g/cm³。中国陆相致密油地质资源量为178.20×10⁸ t，技术可采资源量为17.65×10⁸ t，主要分布在鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、准噶尔盆地和柴达木盆地。提出“甜点区（段）”概念，“甜点区”多发育在宽缓背景下的局部微构造区，是指在平面上成熟优质烃源岩分布范围内，具有工业价值的致密油高产富集区；“甜点段”是指在剖面上源-储共生的黑色页岩层系内，人工改造可形成工业价值的致密油高产层段。源岩品质和源-储组合类型控制“甜点区”平面分布范围。资源评价方法、“六特性”测井识别、高精度三维地震、水平井平台式生产及人工油藏开发等“甜点区（段）”评价方法，可支撑致密油有效开发。

关键词: 细粒沉积, “甜点区”, 致密储层, 陆相致密油, 中、新生代陆相含油气盆地

Abstract: Chinese tight oil is mainly distributed in continental petroliferous basins of the Mesozoic to Cenozoic,where tight sandstone oil or tight carbonate oil reservoirs are distributed in large areas and are interlayered with or in contact with lacustrine petroleum source rocks.Recently,great progress has been made in continental tight oil exploration and development.By the end of 2018,an annual production capacity of 3.155 million tons was built for Chinese continental tight oil,and its production rate reached 1.05 million tons in 2018.Lacustrine organic-rich shale in China serves as the main hydrocarbon source rocks of the Chinese continental tight oil.Most of the shale was deposited in fresh,brackish-to-saline water environments with a thickness of tens of to several hundred meters,having a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 0.4% to 16% and a vitrinite reflectance (R_o) of 0.5% to 1.3%. Appropriate volcanism,low sedimentation rate,anoxic and reducing environment,transgression,and stratification of water body are dominant factors controlling the quality of organic-rich shales.Chinese continental tight oil reservoirs include tight sandstone,tight carbonate rock,tight peperite,and tight tuffite,featuring strong heterogeneity and poor physical properties.Their overlying matrix permeability tends to be less than or equal to 0.1×10^-3 μm².Nano-scale pore thoats,complex in structure and with a diameter ranging between 40 nm and 900 nm,are dominant in the reservoir space.Their pressure coefficient varies from 0.7 to 1.8,indicating the coexistence of overpressure and pressure deficiency.Their acquifer energy and oil property vary greatly,with an oil density of 0.75 g/cm³ to 0.92 g/cm³.The continental tight oil in place and technically recoverable resources in China are 178.20×10⁸ t and 17.65×10⁸ t respectively,mainly distributed in the Ordos Basin,Bohai Bay Basin,Songliao Basin,Junggar Basin and Qaidam Basin.In conclusion,we put forward the concept of "sweet spot zone (section)",which tends to develop in local,low amplitude structures in a wide,gentle structure setting.A sweet spot zone refers to a tight oil-rich area with commercial productivity within the distribution area of mature high-quality source rocks; while a sweet spot section refers to a high productivity interval of tight oil with commercial value through artificial stimulation,located in the black shale section intercalated by tight reservoir layers.The source rock quality and the type of source-reservoir configuration serve to control the lateral distribution of the sweet spot zones.Sweet spot zone (section) evaluation methods,including resource assessment technique,logging identification of the "six properties",high-resolution 3D seismic imaging,horizontal well production from well pads,and artificial reservoir alternation,may facilitate the efficient development of tight oil.

Key words: fine-grained sediment, sweet spot zone, tight reservoir, continental tight oil, terrestrial petroliferous basin of the Mesozoic to Cenozoic

中图分类号:

TE122.1

朱如凯,邹才能,吴松涛,等. 中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(6): 1168-1184. doi: 10.11743/ogg20190602 Zhu Rukai,Zou Caineng,Wu Songtao,et al. Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2019, 40(6): 1168-1184. doi: 10.11743/ogg20190602

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中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律

Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China

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[1]	邓远, 陈世悦, 蒲秀刚, 鄢继华, 陈佳. 渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔店组二段细粒沉积岩形成机理与环境演化[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(4): 811-823, 890.
[2]	黄文彪, 詹卓琛, 逯瑞敬, 高阳, 卢双舫, 白振华, 杨亮. 致密油微观充注动态过程及控制因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(6): 1197-1204,1214.
[3]	石巨业, 金之钧, 刘全有, 黄振凯, 张瑞. 基于米兰科维奇理论的湖相细粒沉积岩高频层序定量划分[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(6): 1205-1214.
[4]	逄淑伊, 操应长, 梁超. 渤海湾盆地东营凹陷沙四上亚段—沙三下亚段岩相特征及沉积环境——以樊页1井为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(4): 799-809.
[5]	林建力, 张宪国, 林承焰, 段冬平, 黄鑫, 孙小龙, 董春梅. 岩相约束下的深层致密砂岩气藏储层演化特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(4): 886-899.
[6]	刘可禹, 刘畅. “化学-沉积相”分析：一种研究细粒沉积岩的有效方法[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(3): 491-503.
[7]	魏新善, 陈娟萍, 吕奇奇, 赵小会, 贾亚妮. 白云岩与砂岩致密储集体质量的差异性[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(2): 294-301.
[8]	邱登峰, 云金表, 刘全有, 周雁, 宁飞, 宋海明. 不同边界条件断层端部应力集中效应及对裂缝发育的启示[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(1): 205-214.
[9]	王升, 柳波, 付晓飞, 赵万春. 致密碎屑岩储层岩石破裂特征及脆性评价方法[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2018, 39(6): 1270-1279.
[10]	冯旭, 刘洛夫, 李朝玮, 窦文超, 郑珊珊. 碎屑岩孔隙演化定量计算方法的改进和应用[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2017, 38(6): 1198-1207.
[11]	鄢继华, 邓远, 蒲秀刚, 周立宏, 陈世悦, 焦玉玺. 渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段细粒混合沉积岩特征及控制因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2017, 38(1): 98-109.
[12]	赵向原, 曾联波, 祖克威, 胡向阳, 焦军, 朱利锋, 史今雄. 致密储层脆性特征及对天然裂缝的控制作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区长7致密储层为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2016, 37(1): 62-71.
[13]	刘春燕. 致密碎屑岩储层“甜点”形成及保持机理——以鄂尔多斯盆地西南部镇泾地区延长组长8油层组为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2015, 36(6): 873-879.
[14]	熊金玉, 李思田, 唐玄, 陈瑞银, 王敏, 黄正林, 孙细宁, 杜克锋. 湖相碳酸盐岩致密储层有机质赋存状态与孔隙演化微观机理[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2015, 36(5): 756-765.
[15]	田景春, 刘伟伟, 王峰, 陈蓉, 林小兵. 鄂尔多斯盆地高桥地区上古生界致密砂岩储层非均质性特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2014, 35(2): 183-189.