中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律

doi:10.11743/ogg20190602

石油与天然气地质 ›› 2019, Vol. 40 ›› Issue (6): 1168-1184.doi: 10.11743/ogg20190602

中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律

朱如凯^1,2,3, 邹才能^1,2, 吴松涛^1,2,3, 杨智¹, 毛治国^1,2,3, 杨海波⁴, 范春怡⁴, 惠潇⁵, 崔景伟^1,2,3, 苏玲^1,2,3, 王焕第⁶

1. 中国石油勘探开发研究院, 北京 100083;
2. 国家能源致密油气研发中心, 北京 100083;
3. 中国石油天然气集团公司油气储层重点实验室, 北京 100083;
4. 中国石油新疆油田分公司, 新疆克拉玛依 834000;
5. 中国石油长庆油田分公司, 陕西西安 710016;
6. 石油工业出版社, 北京 100011

收稿日期:2019-07-22 修回日期:2019-09-02 出版日期:2019-12-28 发布日期:2019-10-15
第一作者简介:朱如凯(1968-),男,教授级高级工程师,沉积储层与非常规油气地质研究。E-mail:zrk@petrochina.com.cn。
基金项目:
国家重点基础研究发展计划（973计划）项目（2014CB239000）；国家科技重大专项（2017ZX05001）；中国石油科技重大专项（2019B-03，2019E-26）。

Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China

Zhu Rukai^1,2,3, Zou Caineng^1,2, Wu Songtao^1,2,3, Yang Zhi¹, Mao Zhiguo^1,2,3, Yang Haibo⁴, Fan Chunyi⁴, Hui Xiao⁵, Cui Jingwei^1,2,3, Su Ling^1,2,3, Wang Huandi⁶

1. Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, PetroChina, Beijing 100083, China;
2. National Energy Tight Oil and Gas R & D Center, Beijing 100083, China;
3. Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir, CNPC, Beijing 100083, China;
4. Xinjiang Oilfield Company Ltd., PetroChina, Karamay, Xinjiang 834000, China;
5. Changqing Oilfield Company Ltd., PetroChina, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710016;
6. Petroleum Industry Press, Beijing 100011, China

Received:2019-07-22 Revised:2019-09-02 Online:2019-12-28 Published:2019-10-15

摘要/Abstract

摘要： 中国致密油主要分布在中、新生代陆相含油气盆地中，发育与湖相生油岩共生或接触、大面积分布的致密砂岩油或致密碳酸盐岩油。近年来，陆相致密油勘探开发取得重大进展，截至2018年底，中国陆相致密油已建成产能315.5×10⁴ t，2018年年产量约105×10⁴ t。中国陆相致密油以湖相富有机质页岩为主要烃源岩，多发育于淡水、半咸水-咸水环境，厚度一般为几十至几百米，有机碳含量为0.4%~16.0%，镜质体反射率为0.5%~1.3%，适宜的火山作用、低沉积速率、缺氧还原环境、海水入侵与水体分层是富有机质页岩形成的重要影响因素。中国陆相致密油储层类型包括致密砂岩、致密碳酸盐岩、致密混积岩和致密沉凝灰岩等，储集层非均质性强、物性差；覆压基质渗透率多小于或等于0.1×10^-3 μm²，以纳米级孔喉系统为主，孔喉半径小，主体直径40~900 nm，孔隙结构复杂；压力系数0.7~1.8，既有超压，也有负压；地层能量、原油品质变化大，原油密度0.75~0.92 g/cm³。中国陆相致密油地质资源量为178.20×10⁸ t，技术可采资源量为17.65×10⁸ t，主要分布在鄂尔多斯盆地、渤海湾盆地、松辽盆地、准噶尔盆地和柴达木盆地。提出“甜点区（段）”概念，“甜点区”多发育在宽缓背景下的局部微构造区，是指在平面上成熟优质烃源岩分布范围内，具有工业价值的致密油高产富集区；“甜点段”是指在剖面上源-储共生的黑色页岩层系内，人工改造可形成工业价值的致密油高产层段。源岩品质和源-储组合类型控制“甜点区”平面分布范围。资源评价方法、“六特性”测井识别、高精度三维地震、水平井平台式生产及人工油藏开发等“甜点区（段）”评价方法，可支撑致密油有效开发。

关键词: 细粒沉积, “甜点区”, 致密储层, 陆相致密油, 中、新生代陆相含油气盆地

Abstract: Chinese tight oil is mainly distributed in continental petroliferous basins of the Mesozoic to Cenozoic,where tight sandstone oil or tight carbonate oil reservoirs are distributed in large areas and are interlayered with or in contact with lacustrine petroleum source rocks.Recently,great progress has been made in continental tight oil exploration and development.By the end of 2018,an annual production capacity of 3.155 million tons was built for Chinese continental tight oil,and its production rate reached 1.05 million tons in 2018.Lacustrine organic-rich shale in China serves as the main hydrocarbon source rocks of the Chinese continental tight oil.Most of the shale was deposited in fresh,brackish-to-saline water environments with a thickness of tens of to several hundred meters,having a total organic carbon (TOC) content of 0.4% to 16% and a vitrinite reflectance (R_o) of 0.5% to 1.3%. Appropriate volcanism,low sedimentation rate,anoxic and reducing environment,transgression,and stratification of water body are dominant factors controlling the quality of organic-rich shales.Chinese continental tight oil reservoirs include tight sandstone,tight carbonate rock,tight peperite,and tight tuffite,featuring strong heterogeneity and poor physical properties.Their overlying matrix permeability tends to be less than or equal to 0.1×10^-3 μm².Nano-scale pore thoats,complex in structure and with a diameter ranging between 40 nm and 900 nm,are dominant in the reservoir space.Their pressure coefficient varies from 0.7 to 1.8,indicating the coexistence of overpressure and pressure deficiency.Their acquifer energy and oil property vary greatly,with an oil density of 0.75 g/cm³ to 0.92 g/cm³.The continental tight oil in place and technically recoverable resources in China are 178.20×10⁸ t and 17.65×10⁸ t respectively,mainly distributed in the Ordos Basin,Bohai Bay Basin,Songliao Basin,Junggar Basin and Qaidam Basin.In conclusion,we put forward the concept of "sweet spot zone (section)",which tends to develop in local,low amplitude structures in a wide,gentle structure setting.A sweet spot zone refers to a tight oil-rich area with commercial productivity within the distribution area of mature high-quality source rocks; while a sweet spot section refers to a high productivity interval of tight oil with commercial value through artificial stimulation,located in the black shale section intercalated by tight reservoir layers.The source rock quality and the type of source-reservoir configuration serve to control the lateral distribution of the sweet spot zones.Sweet spot zone (section) evaluation methods,including resource assessment technique,logging identification of the "six properties",high-resolution 3D seismic imaging,horizontal well production from well pads,and artificial reservoir alternation,may facilitate the efficient development of tight oil.

Key words: fine-grained sediment, sweet spot zone, tight reservoir, continental tight oil, terrestrial petroliferous basin of the Mesozoic to Cenozoic

中图分类号:

TE122.1

朱如凯,邹才能,吴松涛,等. 中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(6): 1168-1184. doi: 10.11743/ogg20190602 Zhu Rukai,Zou Caineng,Wu Songtao,et al. Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2019, 40(6): 1168-1184. doi: 10.11743/ogg20190602

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中国陆相致密油形成机理与富集规律

Mechanism for generation and accumulation of continental tight oil in China

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[1]	曾联波, 巩磊, 宿晓岑, 毛哲. 深层-超深层致密储层天然裂缝分布特征及发育规律[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(1): 1-14.
[2]	李军亮, 王鑫, 王伟庆, 李博, 曾溅辉, 贾昆昆, 乔俊程, 王康亭. 致密砂岩砂-泥结构发育特征及其对储集空间的控制作用[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(5): 1173-1187.
[3]	印森林, 陈旭, 杨毅, 章彤, 程皇辉, 姜涛, 熊亭, 刘娟霞, 何理鹏, 杨小江. 细粒沉积岩典型低阻油层成因及甜点分布[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(4): 946-961.
[4]	孙靖, 尤新才, 薛晶晶, 曹元婷, 常秋生, 陈超. 准噶尔盆地异常压力特征及其对深层-超深层致密储层的影响[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(2): 350-365.
[5]	李文浩, 卢双舫, 王民, 周能武, 程泽虎. 基于扫描电镜大视域拼接技术定量表征致密储层微观非均质性[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(6): 1497-1504.
[6]	胡宗全, 杜伟, 朱彤, 刘曾勤. 四川盆地及其周缘五峰组-龙马溪组细粒沉积的层序地层与岩相特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(5): 1024-1038.
[7]	姜在兴, 王运增, 王力, 孔祥鑫, 杨叶芃, 张建国, 薛欣宇. 陆相细粒沉积岩物质来源、搬运-沉积机制及多源油气甜点[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(5): 1039-1048.
[8]	李庆, 卢浩, 吴胜和, 夏东领, 李江山, 齐奉强, 付育璞, 伍岳. 鄂尔多斯盆地南部三叠系长7³亚段凝灰岩沉积成因及储层特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(5): 1141-1154.
[9]	朱如凯, 李梦莹, 杨静儒, 张素荣, 蔡毅, 曹琰, 康缘. 细粒沉积学研究进展与发展方向[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(2): 251-264.
[10]	黎茂稳, 马晓潇, 金之钧, 李志明, 蒋启贵, 吴世强, 李政, 徐祖新. 中国海、陆相页岩层系岩相组合多样性与非常规油气勘探意义[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(1): 1-25.
[11]	施振生, 朱筱敏, 张亚雄, 金惠. 四川盆地上三叠统沉积储层研究进展与热点分析[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(4): 784-800.
[12]	邱振, 韦恒叶, 刘翰林, 邵男, 王玉满, 张磊夫, 张琴. 异常高有机质沉积富集过程与元素地球化学特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(4): 931-948.
[13]	朱毅秀, 金振奎, 金科, 郭芪恒, 王欢, 吕品, 王昕尧, 师源. 中国陆相湖盆细粒沉积岩岩石学特征及成岩演化表征——以四川盆地元坝地区下侏罗统大安寨段为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(2): 494-508.
[14]	邓远, 陈世悦, 蒲秀刚, 鄢继华, 陈佳. 渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔店组二段细粒沉积岩形成机理与环境演化[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2020, 41(4): 811-823, 890.
[15]	黄文彪, 詹卓琛, 逯瑞敬, 高阳, 卢双舫, 白振华, 杨亮. 致密油微观充注动态过程及控制因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2019, 40(6): 1197-1204,1214.