石油与天然气地质 ›› 2024, Vol. 45 ›› Issue (4): 873-892.doi: 10.11743/ogg20240401

• 油气地质 • 上一篇    下一篇

中国典型陆相盆地细粒沉积环境和岩相特征

朱筱敏(), 王晓琳, 张美洲, 林兴悦, 张琴   

  1. 中国石油大学(北京),北京 102249
  • 收稿日期:2024-05-30 修回日期:2024-07-10 出版日期:2024-09-05 发布日期:2024-09-05
  • 第一作者简介:朱筱敏(1960—),男,教授、博士生导师,沉积地质学和层序地层学。E-mail: xmzhu@cup.edu.cn
  • 基金项目:
    国家自然科学基金项目(41272133)

Sedimentary environments and lithofacies characteristics of fine-grained sediments in typical continental basins in China

Xiaomin ZHU(), Xiaolin WANG, Meizhou ZHANG, Xingyue LIN, Qin ZHANG   

  1. [China University of Petroleum (Beijing),Beijing 102249,China]
  • Received:2024-05-30 Revised:2024-07-10 Online:2024-09-05 Published:2024-09-05

摘要:

细粒沉积环境和岩相时-空分布规律是控制页岩油富集高产的主要因素。在前人细粒沉积环境和岩相研究的基础上,分析研究了松辽、渤海湾、鄂尔多斯和准噶尔等中国典型陆相盆地的细粒沉积环境及主要特征。研究认为:①淡水-微咸水湖盆发育粉砂质纹层、黏土质纹层、有机质纹层的黏土岩、粉砂岩以及二者之间过渡岩性,咸水湖和盐湖多发育具方解石(白云石)纹层及黏土级灰泥纹层的细粒碳酸盐岩和细粒混积岩。②陆相湖盆不同演化阶段发育不同细粒岩相组合。裂陷期细粒沉积岩以富碳酸盐矿物的岩相组合发育为特征,拗陷期形成的富有机质页岩层系则以长英质+黏土质沉积岩相组合为主。③湖盆泥页岩沉积机制主要为悬浮沉降、风成输入、浊流、异重流和泥质碎屑流。④中国陆相页岩油类型多样且资源丰富,松辽、鄂尔多斯、准噶尔、渤海湾等中生代—新生代陆相盆地是中国页岩油勘探开发的重要领域。⑤未来细粒沉积环境和岩相研究重点发展方向:开展天文旋回研究,建立系统有效的沉积古环境判识参数及标准;建立陆相湖盆页岩型、夹层型和混合型细粒沉积岩岩相分类和沉积模式,有效地预测细粒沉积岩岩相时空分布;开展细粒沉积成因过程物理和数值模拟,研究细粒沉积物物理、化学和生物沉积耦合过程和形成发育机理;关注数据集成与深度挖掘、人工智能大数据与计算机辅助技术,研究细粒沉积物分布规律。

关键词: 沉积模式, 岩相特征, 沉积环境, 细粒沉积, 页岩油, 中国陆相湖盆

Abstract:

The sedimentary environments of fine-grained sediments and the spatio-temporal distribution patterns of the fine-grained lithofacies are identified as primary factors governing the enrichment and high yield of shale oil. Starting from previous relevant studies, we investigate the sedimentary environments and primary characteristics of fine-grained sediments in typical continental basins in China, including the Songliao, Bohai Bay, Ordos, and Junggar basins. The findings suggest that: (1) Fresh-to-brackish-water lacustrine basins typically contain claystones, siltstones, and transitional lithologies between them, showing the presence of silty, clayey, and organic laminae. In contrast, the lagoon and saline lakes mostly develop fine-grained carbonate rocks and mixed fine-grained sedimentary rocks, characterized by calcite (dolomite) laminae and the laminae of clayey marls. (2) Different evolutionary stages of continental basins developed the occurrence of varying assemblages of fine-grained lithofacies. Fine-grained sedimentary rocks formed during rifting are characterized by lithofacies assemblages rich in carbonate minerals, while organic-rich shale layers formed during depression are dominated by the assemblage of feldspathic and clayey sedimentary rocks. (3) Primary mechanisms for shale deposition in lacustrine basins include suspension settling, aeolian input, turbidity flows, hyperpycnal plumes, and muddy debris flows. (4) Continental shale oil in China exhibits diverse types. It boasts abundant resources in the Mesozoic-Cenozoic continental basins such as Songliao, Ordos, Junggar, and Bohai Bay basins serving as important targets for shale oil exploration and exploitation. (5) Future research on the sedimentary settings and lithofacies of fine-grained sediments should be focused on astronomical cycles to establish systematic and effective parameters and criteria for identifying paleosedimentary environments. Furthermore, it is essential to develop classification schemes and sedimentary models for the fine-grained sedimentary lithofacies of shale, interbedded, and mixed types in continental basins to effectively predict the spatio-temporal distributions of these lithofacies. Physical and numerical simulations of the sedimentary origin and processes of fine-grained sediments are recommended to examine the sediments’ coupled physical, chemical, and biological depositional processes, as well as its formation and development mechanisms. Additionally, it is necessary to pay attention to data integration, in-depth data mining, artificial intelligence (AI), big data, and computer aided technology to investigate the distribution patterns of fine-grained sediments.

Key words: sedimentary pattern, lithofacies characteristics, sedimentary environments, fine-grained sediment, shale oil, continental lacustrine basin in China

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