页岩含气量评价方法

doi:10.11743/ogg20210103

摘要/Abstract

摘要：

作为页岩气资源勘探评价的核心基础，含气量的评价一直作为关键研究内容而受到高度关注。页岩气的成藏和富集是一个动态地质过程，游离和吸附状态天然气的同时存在及比例变化，导致了页岩中天然气赋存状态的复杂性。页岩含气机理与煤层气差异较大，直接和间接成因的页岩气类型各具不同的页岩油气形成条件和含气特点。垂向上的页岩含气相关指征曲线变化特点，可提供更多的沉积、含气及保存等信息。页岩含气量的获得方法可划分为6种基本类型，归属于3个可信度梯度级别，其中的现场解析法是含气量获取方法中的重要方法。在现场解析的升温过程中，只有当岩心在加热至地层温度前见解吸气者，通过线性或多项式逆向回归法计算出来的损失气量才具有明确物理意义。页岩的含气量受页岩的生气能力和强度控制，损失气、解吸气及残余气分别与吸附气和游离气存在内在联系。页岩吸附含气量和总含气量是页岩含气量地质评价中的重要参数，页岩气中游离气的占比不仅能反映页岩中天然气的赋存状态，而且更指示了页岩气的可采性。同时满足总含气量和游吸比双高目标的评价对象，是页岩气的有利目标。含气量、游吸比及可采系数等含气结构参数的同时使用，有助于更准确地进行页岩气评价。机器学习和大数据分析等提高了数据处理工作效率，智能评价是页岩含气量评价研究未来发展的重要方向。

关键词: 机器学习, 大数据, 智能评价, 含气结构, 现场解析, 评价方法, 含气量, 页岩

Abstract:

The evaluation of gas content as the core of shale gas resource assessment has drawn great attention.Gas accumulation and enrichment in shale is a dynamic geological process that results in a complex occurrence of gas: free gas coexisting with adsorbed gas and their shifting proportions.The accumulation mechanism of shale gas is quite different from that of coalbed methane.Shale gas of direct or indirect origins can have quite different forming conditions and gas-bearing characteristics.The vertical variation characteristics of gas-content-related indicator curves can provide more information on sedimentation, gas content and reservoir preservation.There are, in essence, six kinds of shale gas content evaluation methods, falling into three credibility gradients.The field desorption method, among others, is the major one.According to the method, the lost gas amount of a core sample is physically meaningful only when it is the result of a linear or polynomial regressions of the gas amount desorbed from the sample before restored to its original ambient temperature (formation temperature) during evaluation.The gas content in shale is controlled by the shale's gas generation capacity and gas content.The lost gas, desorbed gas and residual gas are internally related to adsorbed gas and free gas respectively.The adsorbed gas content and total gas content of shale are important evaluation parameters for shale gas content.The ratio of free/adsorbed gas content in shale is an ideal indicator of gas occurrence and recoverability.Assessment targets with both high total gas content and high free/adsorbed gas ratio can be considered as promising.It is recommended to combine these parameters in shale gas evaluation to obtain more accurate results.Machine Learning and big data analysis are also proven to be useful in improving data processing efficiency of shale gas evaluation, indicating intelligent evaluation being one of the important evolving directions of shale gas content evaluation.

Key words: Machine Learning, big data, intelligent evaluation, gas bearing structure, field desorption, evaluation method, gas content, shale

中图分类号:

TE122.2

张金川,刘树根,魏晓亮,等. 页岩含气量评价方法[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2021, 42(1): 28-40. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210103 Jinchuan Zhang,Shugen Liu,Xiaoliang Wei,et al. Evaluation of gas content in shale[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2021, 42(1): 28-40. doi: 10.11743/ogg20210103

图/表 7

图1

图2

表1

表2

页岩含气量评价主要方法"

方法		基本原理	方法要点	适用条件	结果可信度
地震处理	烃类检测	当页岩地层含气时，相关的地震参数将发生对应响应	提取页岩层段的速度、频率、振幅、相位等参数，发现变化异常	需要有一定的测网密度和覆盖次数，有钻井资料验证	预测结果取决于数据采集和处理质量，受地质条件和地震解释影响较大
钻录测井(井筒技术)	气测异常	对钻井泥浆进行脱气处理，检测其中的气体类型和数量	减少钻井和泥浆的干扰，在相同条件下进行脱气检测	钻井过程中通过录井仪实现，适用范围广	具有重要参考价值，但受泥浆、钻井过程等影响较大
钻录测井(井筒技术)	测井计算	依据不同类型的测井曲线，建立计算关系模型，解释计算页岩地层含气量	按沉积类型不同，分别建立不同层系、不同类型页岩地层的解释参数关系模型	有自然伽马、声波及电阻率等测井曲线，有根据实验数据建立起来的关系模型	既取决于测井质量，又取决于参数关系模型的建立，还取决于含气量的计算方法
现场测试	浸水观察	将岩心放入水中，逸出气在水中直接可见	将岩心清洗后放置于透明的清水容器中	最简单的观察方法，随处可用	属于经验估计，标准难以统一，误差大
	现场解析	在模拟地层温度条件下，收集计量从岩心中解吸逃逸的气体总量	模拟地层温度，测准解吸气和残余气，合理获得损失气	对于取心井段均可实施，适用于各种可能的页岩含气目的层	直接沿袭自煤层气的现场解析法(USBM法等)，无法合理求得损失气
	保压取心	使岩心在维持原始地层压力条件下，达到地表并进行测量	保持平衡钻井条件下完成取心作业，核实取心筒内压力，完成检测	当钻遇断层破碎带，或者裂缝较为发育时，该方法的误差较大	当满足保压取心和含气量评价条件时，可获得较为准确的数据，
实验计算	等温吸附	在地层温度条件下，模拟不同压力时的天然气吸附能力	提高测试精度，合理获得压力与吸附气量之间的关系	主要用于计算页岩的最大吸附含气量和临界解吸压力	所得数据为最大吸附能力，煤层气的测试方法需要修正
实验计算	模拟计算	在地层温度和压力条件下，分别根据储集空间和吸附能力计算游离和吸附气量，求和得总含气量	同时计算孔隙和裂缝所能容纳的游离气量，计算吸附气，在总含气量中扣除重叠计算的部分	对于具备有机碳含量、裂缝孔隙度、埋藏深度等参数的研究对象，可获得计算含气量	计算结果受较多因素影响，通常大于实际数值。但出现高压异常时，计算结果变化相反
地质分析	图版查阅	根据已知的有机碳含量、埋藏深度等条件，直接在图版上查询结果	增加对实际地质条件的考量，根据地质特殊性对理论值进行修正	缺乏页岩气地质研究资料时的一种简单、快捷预测方法	由于图版法考虑的因素较为有限，通常需要根据实际资料进行校正
地质分析	地质类比	依据页岩气成藏地质条件的相似性进行类比计算	选择对含气量有主控影响的参数进行相似度计算	在可用资料少、情况下的常用方法	受研究认识程度、类比区及类比参数等影响较大
生产测试	试井分析	在一定的生产制度下，测试获得不同条件下的天然气产量，计算获得地层含气量	观察钻井、压裂、排采后的页岩气显示情况，在确定的生产制度下计算含气量	适用于已有钻井实施，目前正处于压裂、排采、试气阶段的评价对象	可信度相对较高，但取决于钻探及储层改造的工程质量，也取决于试井方法
生产测试	生产测试	根据压裂效果及累计产气量进行计算	借助页岩气生产过程中的EUR计算获得	已有页岩气生产井和页岩气产量积累	使用不同阶段的地层累计产气量进行计算

表2

图3

图4

表3

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序号	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	Ⅴ	Ⅵ	Ⅶ	Ⅷ
曲线形态	低幅锯齿形	锥形	指形	高幅锯齿形	箱形	哑铃形	漏斗形	钟形
柱状图示
含气	低含气量	煤岩含气	薄互层含气	薄夹层含气	页岩饱含气	厚夹层含气	裂缝含气	页岩气残余

含气性	常温(游离气)	地温(游离气+吸附气)	高温(残余气)	总含气	含气分析
常温见气					游离气丰富
地温见气					吸附气为主
高温见气					仅含吸附气
不含气					页岩不含气

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