石油与天然气地质 ›› 2023, Vol. 44 ›› Issue (5): 1084-1101.doi: 10.11743/ogg20230502
罗情勇1,2(), 钟宁宁1,2(), 李美俊1,2, 吴进1,2, Khan Imran1,2, 张烨3, 陈清4, 叶祥忠5, 李文浩6, 纪文明6, 刘安吉1,2, 郝婧玥1,2, 姚立朋1,2,7, 吴嘉1,2
收稿日期:
2023-05-09
修回日期:
2023-08-03
出版日期:
2023-10-19
发布日期:
2023-10-19
通讯作者:
钟宁宁
E-mail:qingyong.luo@cup.edu.cn;nnzhongxp@cup.edu.cn
第一作者简介:
罗情勇(1987—),男,博士、教授,有机岩石学与油气地球化学。E-mail: 基金项目:
Qingyong LUO1,2(), Ningning ZHONG1,2(), Meijun LI1,2, Jin WU1,2, Imran Khan1,2, Ye ZHANG3, Qing CHEN4, Xiangzhong YE5, Wenhao LI6, Wenming JI6, Anji LIU1,2, Jingyue HAO1,2, Lipeng YAO1,2,7, Jia WU1,2
Received:
2023-05-09
Revised:
2023-08-03
Online:
2023-10-19
Published:
2023-10-19
Contact:
Ningning ZHONG
E-mail:qingyong.luo@cup.edu.cn;nnzhongxp@cup.edu.cn
摘要:
前寒武纪—早古生代沉积岩时代古老、生源简单,但有机显微组分面貌却很复杂。通过对大量国内外自然演化和人工熟化系列样品的观察和分析,基于生源、成因、沉积转化及热成熟作用4个主控因素,提出将古老沉积岩的显微组分划分为类镜质组、腐泥组、固体沥青组、动物有机碎屑组和惰质组。低成熟的古老海相烃源岩的显微组分组成以层状藻类体、沥青质体和矿物沥青基质为主;高-过成熟的古老海相烃源岩的显微组分组成以源内固体沥青为主;笔石表皮体常见于五峰组-龙马溪组页岩,是其中有机质的重要组成部分。进一步分析了其中最具特征且以往易被忽视的显微组分的成因,前寒武纪样品中类镜质组颗粒的成因可能为早期成岩过程低等水生生物遭受微生物降解所形成;源内固体沥青为经一次运移残留在烃源岩内的可溶有机质裂解后的固体残留物或者腐泥组残余干酪根吸收同化可溶有机质后的热演化固相产物。通过自然演化系列样品和热模拟样品的综合研究,明确了中国高-过成熟的前寒武纪、寒武纪和奥陶纪—志留纪含笔石页岩有机质的“前世”分别类似于中元古代下马岭组、寒武纪Alum页岩和奥陶纪含笔石Alum页岩有机质的“今生”,提出笔石表皮体、类镜质组颗粒和源内固体沥青反射率都可以用于表征前寒武纪—早古生代海相烃源岩有机质热演化程度。
中图分类号:
表1
前寒武纪—早古生代沉积岩中显微组分分类"
组 | 组分 | 成因 |
---|---|---|
类镜质组 | 类镜质组颗粒 | 还原环境下,低等水生生物遭受强烈的微生物降解 |
腐泥组 | 层状藻类体 | 浮游藻类和细菌有机质腐泥化作用产物 |
结构藻类体 | ||
腐泥碎屑体 | ||
沥青质体 | 还原环境下,低等水生生物遭受微生物降解 | |
矿物沥青基质 | 有机质和无机矿物在微纳米尺度上的混合物 | |
动物有机碎屑组 | 笔石表皮体 | 海洋半索动物、一些微体动物和环节动物的表皮、鄂片和骨骼等有机质的转化产物 |
几丁虫囊壁体 | ||
虫颚有机体 | ||
固体沥青组 | 源内固体沥青 | 石油经初次运移残留在烃源岩内的固相次生产物 |
储层固体沥青 | 石油经二次运移进入到储集岩形成的固相次生产物 | |
沥青铀钍矿 | 藻类有机质遭受放射性矿物的离子辐射作用聚合所形成的 | |
惰质组 | 惰屑体 | 氧化环境或再循环形成的高反射率有机质颗粒 |
石墨化碎片 | 外源输入的强烈光学各向异性有机质碎片 |
表2
古老海相烃源岩有机质成熟度和显微组分组成特征"
地区 | 组 | 随机反射率Ro/% | 样品数量/个 | 显微组分含量/% | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
类镜质组颗粒 | 源内固体沥青 | 笔石表皮体 | 腐泥组 | ||||
上扬子 | 大塘坡组 | SB Ro:3.19 ~ 3.80 | 10 | 0 | 100 | — | — |
陡山沱组 | SB Ro:2.62 ~ 4.71 | 13 | 0 | 100 | — | — | |
寒武系 | VLM Ro:2.24 ~ 5.49 | 47 | < 20 | > 80 | — | — | |
五峰组- 龙马溪组 | G Ro:1.08 ~ 5.48 | 38 | — | 7 ~ 100 | 0 ~ 93 | — | |
华北 | 洪水庄组 | VLM Ro:0.68 ~ 0.78 | 8 | < 10 | — | — | > 90 |
下马岭组 | VLM Ro:0.43 ~ 0.68 | 5 | < 10 | — | — | > 90 | |
塔里木 | 玉尔吐斯组 | VLM Ro:0.85 ~ 1.61 | 9 | < 10 | > 90 | — | < 10 |
图12
不同温度下瑞典寒武纪Alum页岩热模拟样品显微组分特征照片(露头样品SD-O-1)a. 类镜质组颗粒和层状藻类体,300 ℃,3 d,反射光;b. 源内固体沥青和类镜质组颗粒,325 ℃,3 d,反射光;c. 源内固体沥青和类镜质组颗粒,350 ℃,3 d,反射光;d.视域同a图,300 ℃,3 d,荧光;e.视域同b图,325 ℃,3 d,荧光;f. 源内固体沥青和类镜质组颗粒,400 ℃,3 d,反射光;g. 源内固体沥青和类镜质组颗粒,450 ℃,3 d,反射光 ;h. 源内固体沥青和类镜质组颗粒,500 ℃,3 d,反射光; i, 源内固体沥青和类镜质组颗粒,550 ℃,3 d,反射光"
图14
不同温度下瑞典奥陶纪Alum页岩人工熟化样品显微组分特征照片(露头样品AS-DD-LG)a.非粒状笔石表皮体,350 ℃,3 d,反射光;b.非粒状笔石表皮体,400 ℃,3 d,反射光;c. 源内固体沥青和非粒状笔石表皮体,450 ℃,3 d,反射光;d. 非粒状笔石表皮体和层状藻类体,视域同a图,350 ℃,3 d,荧光;e.非粒状笔石表皮体和层状藻类体,视域同b图,400 ℃,3 d,荧光;f. 源内固体沥青和非粒状笔石表皮体,500 ℃,3 d,反射光;g. 源内固体沥青和非粒状笔石表皮体,550 ℃,3 d,反射光;h. 源内固体沥青和非粒状笔石表皮体,550 ℃,12 d,反射光;i.源内固体沥青和非粒状笔石表皮体,550 ℃,18 d,反射光"
1 | HACKLEY P C, CARDOTT B J. Application of organic petrography in North American shale petroleum systems: A review[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2016, 163: 8-51. |
2 | LUO Qingyong, FARIBORZ G, ZHONG Ningning, et al. Graptolites as fossil geo-thermometers and source material of hydrocarbons: An overview of four decades of progress[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2020, 200: 103000. |
3 | LUO Qingyong, ZHANG Liang, ZHONG Ningning, et al. Thermal evolution behavior of the organic matter and a ray of light on the origin of vitrinite-like maceral in the Mesoproterozoic and Lower Cambrian black shales: Insights from artificial maturation[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2021, 244: 103813. |
4 | LUO Qingyong, HAO Jingyue, SKOVSTED C B, et al. Optical characteristics of graptolite-bearing sediments and its implication for thermal maturity assessment[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2018, 195: 386-401. |
5 | WANG Ye, QIU Nansheng, BORJIGIN T, et al. Integrated assessment of thermal maturity of the Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian Wufeng-Longmaxi shale in Sichuan Basin, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2019, 100: 447-465. |
6 | XIAO Xianming, WILKINS R W T, LIU Dehan, et al. Investigation of thermal maturity of lower Palaeozoic hydrocarbon source rocks by means of vitrinite-like maceral reflectance—a Tarim Basin case study[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2000, 31(10): 1041-1052. |
7 | 肖贤明, 吴治君, 刘德汉, 等. 早古生代海相烃源岩成熟度的有机岩石学评价方法[J]. 沉积学报, 1995, 13(2): 112-119. |
XIAO Xianming, WU Zhijun, LIU Dehan, et al. Evaluation of maturity of the early Paleozoic marine hydrocarbon source rocks on the basis of organic petrology[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1995, 13(2): 112-119. | |
8 | CRICK I H. Petrological and maturation characteristics of organic matter from the Middle Proterozoic McArthur Basin, Australia[J]. Australian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1992, 39(4): 501-519. |
9 | CRICK I H, BOREHAM C J, COOK A C, et al. Petroleum geology and geochemistry of Middle Proterozoic McArthur Basin, northern Australia Ⅱ: Assessment of source rock potential[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1988, 72(12): 1495-1514. |
10 | PETERSEN H I, SCHOVSBO N H, NIELSEN A T. Reflectance measurements of zooclasts and solid bitumen in Lower Paleozoic shales, southern Scandinavia: Correlation to vitrinite reflectance[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2013, 114: 1-18. |
11 | SANEI H, PETERSEN H I, SCHOVSBO N H, et al. Petrographic and geochemical composition of kerogen in the Furongian (U. Cambrian) Alum Shale, central Sweden: Reflections on the petroleum generation potential[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2014, 132: 158-169. |
12 | HAERI-ARDAKANI O, SANEI H, LAVOIE D, et al. Geochemical and petrographic characterization of the Upper Ordovician Utica Shale, southern Quebec, Canada[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2015, 138: 83-94. |
13 | LAVOIE D, PINET N, BORDELEAU G, et al. The Upper Ordovician black shales of southern Quebec (Canada) and their significance for naturally occurring hydrocarbons in shallow groundwater[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2016, 158: 44-64. |
14 | 刘大锰, 金奎励, 艾天杰. 塔里木盆地海相烃源岩显微组分的分类及其岩石学特征[J]. 沉积学报, 1995, 13(S1): 124-133. |
LIU Dameng, JIN Kuili, AI Tianjie. A petrographic classification and organic petrological characteristics of macerals of the marine hydrocarbon source rocks in the Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1995, 13(S1): 124-133. | |
15 | 吴朝东, 陈其英, 雷家锦. 湘西震旦—寒武纪黑色岩系的有机岩石学特征及其形成条件[J]. 岩石学报, 1999, 15(3): 453-461. |
WU Chaodong, CHEN Qiying, LEI Jiajin. The genesis factors and organic petrology of black shale series from the Upper Sinian to the Lower Cambrian, southwest of China[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 1999, 15(3): 453-461. | |
16 | 胡明霞, 曹寅. 下古生界烃源岩有机显微组分分类与应用[J]. 石油实验地质, 2007, 29(4): 432-435. |
HU Mingxia, CAO Yin. Classification and application of organic macerals in the Lower Paleozoic hydrocarbon source rock[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 2007, 29(4): 432-435. | |
17 | LUO Qingyong, ZHONG Ningning, DAI Na, et al. Graptolite-derived organic matter in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations (Upper Ordovician-Lower Silurian) of southeastern Chongqing, China: Implications for gas shale evaluation[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2016, 153: 87-98. |
18 | 钟宁宁, 秦勇. 碳酸盐岩有机岩石学: 显微组分特性、成因、演化及其与油气关[M]. 北京: 科学出版社, 1995. |
ZHONG Ningning, QIN Yong. Carbonate organic petrology: Maceral characteristics, genesis, evolution and its relationship with oil and gas[M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1995. | |
19 | 肖贤明, 金奎励. 中国陆相源岩显微组分的分类及其岩石学特征[J]. 沉积学报, 1990, 8(3): 22-34. |
XIAO Xianming, JIN Kuili. A petrographic classification of macerals in terrestrial hydrocarbon source rocks in China and their organic petrological characteristics[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1990, 8(3): 22-34. | |
20 | LUO Qingyong, ZHONG Ningning, QIN Jing, et al. Thucholite in Mesoproterozoic shales from northern north China: Occurrence and indication for thermal maturity[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2014, 125: 1-9. |
21 | ALPERN B. Petrographie du kerogene[M]//DURAND B. Kerogen, Insoluble Organic Matter From Sedimentary Rocks. Paris: Technip Editions, 1980: 339-384. |
22 | ARDAKANI O H, SANEI H, GHANIZADEH A, et al. Do all fractions of organic matter contribute equally in shale porosity? A case study from Upper Ordovician Utica Shale, southern Quebec, Canada[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2018, 92: 794-808. |
23 | 汪啸风, HOFFKNECHT A, 萧建新, 等. 笔石、几丁虫和虫牙反射率在热成熟度上的应用[J]. 地质学报, 1992, 66(3): 269-279, 297-298. |
WANG Xiaofeng, HOFFKNECHT A, XIAO Jianxin, et al. Graptolite, chitinozoan and scolecodont reflectances and their use as an indicator of thermal maturity[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 1992, 66(3): 269-279, 297-298. | |
24 | BERTRAND R, HÉROUX Y. Chitinozoan, graptolite, and scolecodont reflectance as an alternative to vitrinite and pyrobitumen reflectance in Ordovician and Silurian Strata, Anticosti Island, Quebec, Canada[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1987, 71(8): 951-957. |
25 | MASTALERZ M, DROBNIAK A, STANKIEWICZ A B. Origin, properties, and implications of solid bitumen in source-rock reservoirs: A review[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2018, 195: 14-36. |
26 | 罗情勇, 郝婧玥, 李可文, 等. 下古生界有机质成熟度评价新参数:笔石表皮体光学特征再研究[J]. 地质学报, 2019, 93(9): 2362-2371. |
LUO Qingyong, HAO Jingyue, LI Kewen, et al. A new parameter for the thermal maturity assessment of organic matter from the Lower Palaeozoic sediments: A re-study on the optical characteristics of graptolite periderms[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2019, 93(9): 2362-2371. | |
27 | 赵文智, 王兆云, 王东良, 等. 分散液态烃的成藏地位与意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2015, 42(4): 401-413. |
ZHAO Wenzhi, WANG Zhaoyun, WANG Dongliang, et al. Contribution and significance of dispersed liquid hydrocarbons to reservoir formation[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2015, 42(4): 401-413. | |
28 | 刘文汇, 张建勇, 范明, 等. 叠合盆地天然气的重要来源——分散可溶有机质[J]. 石油实验地质, 2007, 29(1): 1-6. |
LIU Wenhui, ZHANG Jianyong, FAN Ming, et al. Gas generation character of dissipated soluble organic matter[J]. Petroleum Geology and Experiment, 2007, 29(1): 1-6. | |
29 | 范明, 刘文汇, 郑伦举, 等. 不同岩石中分散可溶有机质裂解成气特征[J]. 沉积学报, 2007, 25(5): 774-777. |
FAN Ming, LIU Wenhui, ZHENG Lunju, et al. Characteristics of cracked gas of soluble organic matter dispersed in different kinds of rocks[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2007, 25(5): 774-777. | |
30 | 王兆云, 赵文智, 王东良, 等. 分散液态烃裂解气资源评价方法[J]. 地质学报, 2016, 90(1): 68-79. |
WANG Zhaoyun, ZHAO Wenzhi, WANG Dongliang, et al. Quantitative assessment of pyrolysis gas generated by dispersed liquid hydrocarbon[J]. Acta Geologica Sinica, 2016, 90(1): 68-79. | |
31 | 薛海涛, 田善思, 卢双舫, 等. 分散可溶有机质的气源意义[J]. 吉林大学学报(地球科学版), 2015, 45(1): 52-60. |
XUE Haitao, TIAN Shansi, LU Shuangfang, et al. Significance of dissipated soluble organic matter as gas source[J]. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science Edition), 2015, 45(1): 52-60. | |
32 | GAI Haifeng, TIAN Hui, CHENG Peng, et al. Influence of retained bitumen in oil-prone shales on the chemical and carbon isotopic compositions of natural gases: Implications from pyrolysis experiments[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2019, 101: 148-161. |
33 | GAI Haifeng, XIAO Xianming, CHENG Peng, et al. Gas generation of shale organic matter with different contents of residual oil based on a pyrolysis experiment[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 2015, 78: 69-78. |
34 | 赵文智, 王兆云, 王红军, 等. 再论有机质 “接力成气” 的内涵与意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2011, 38(2): 129-135. |
ZHAO Wenzhi, WANG Zhaoyun, WANG Hongjun, et al. Further discussion on the connotation and significance of the natural gas relaying generation model from organic materials[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2011, 38(2): 129-135. | |
35 | 赵文智, 王兆云, 张水昌, 等. 有机质 “接力成气” 模式的提出及其在勘探中的意义[J]. 石油勘探与开发, 2005, 32(2): 1-7. |
ZHAO Wenzhi, WANG Zhaoyun, ZHANG Shuichang, et al. Successive generation of natural gas from organic materials and its significance in future exploration[J]. Petroleum Exploration and Development, 2005, 32(2): 1-7. | |
36 | MA Yong, ZHONG Ningning, CHENG Lijun, et al. Pore structure of the graptolite-derived OM in the Longmaxi Shale, southeastern Upper Yangtze Region, China[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 2016, 72: 1-11. |
37 | MARSH H. Carbonization and liquid-crystal (mesophase) development: Part 1. The significance of the mesophase during carbonization of coking coals[J]. Fuel, 1973, 52(3): 205-212. |
38 | WHITE J L. Mesophase mechanisms in the formation of the microstructure of petroleum coke[M]//DEVINEY M L, O’Grady T M. Petroleum Derived Carbons. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1976: 282-314. |
39 | STASIUK L D. The origin of pyrobitumens in Upper Devonian Leduc Formation gas reservoirs, Alberta, Canada: An optical and EDS study of oil to gas transformation[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1997, 14(7/8): 915-929. |
40 | JACOB H. Classification, structure, genesis and practical importance of natural solid oil bitumen (“migrabitumen”)[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 1989, 11(1): 65-79. |
41 | ELLSWORTH H V. (Ⅰ) Thuchohte, a remarkable primary carbon mineral from the vicinity of Parry Sound, Ontario. (Ⅱ) Cyrtolite intergrowth associated with the Parry Sound thucholite[J]. American Mineralogist, 1928, 13(8): 419-441. |
42 | RASMUSSEN B, GLOVER J E, ALEXANDER R. Hydrocarbon rims on monazite in Permian-Triassic arenites, northern Perth Basin, Western Australia: Pointers to the former presence of oil[J]. Geology, 1989, 17(2): 115-118. |
43 | RASMUSSEN B, GLOVER J E, FOSTER C B. Polymerisation of hydrocarbons by radioactive minerals in sedimentary rocks: Diagenetic and economic significance[M]//PARNELL J, KUCHA H, LANDAIS P. Bitumens in Ore Deposits. Berlin: Springer, 1993: 490-509. |
44 | KHAN I, ZHONG Ningning, LUO Qingyong, et al. Maceral composition and origin of organic matter input in Neoproterozoic-Lower Cambrian organic-rich shales of Salt Range Formation, upper Indus Basin, Pakistan[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2020, 217: 103319. |
45 | SYNNOTT D P, SANEI H, PEDERSEN P K, et al. The effect of bacterial degradation on bituminite reflectance[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2016, 162: 34-38. |
46 | STACH E, MACKOWSKY M T, TEICHMÜLLER M, et al. Stach’s textbook of coal petrology[M]. 3rd ed. Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger, 1982. |
47 | 代世峰, 赵蕾, 唐跃刚, 等. 煤的显微组分定义与分类 (ICCP system 1994) 解析Ⅳ: 类脂体[J]. 煤炭学报, 2021, 46(9): 2965-2983. |
DAI Shifeng, ZHAO Lei, TANG Yuegang, et al. An in-depth interpretation of definition and classification of macerals in coal (ICCP system 1994) for Chinese researchers, Ⅳ: Liptinite[J]. Journal of China Coal Society, 2021, 46(9): 2965-2983. | |
48 | PICKEL W, KUS J, FLORES D, et al. Classification of liptinite-ICCP System 1994[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2017, 169: 40-61. |
49 | GRINT A, MARSH H. Carbonization of coal blends: Mesophase formation and coke properties[J]. Fuel, 1981, 60(12): 1115-1120. |
50 | LUO Qingyong, HAO Jingyue, SKOVSTED C B, et al. The organic petrology of graptolites and maturity assessment of the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations from Chongqing, China: Insights from reflectance cross-plot analysis[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2017, 183: 161-173. |
51 | 罗情勇, 郝婧玥, 李可文, 等. 重庆地区五峰组—龙马溪组页岩笔石光学特征及其在成熟度评价中的应用[J]. 天然气地球科学, 2017, 28(12): 1855-1863. |
LUO Qingyong, HAO Jingyue, LI Kewen, et al. The optical characteristics of the graptolites in the Wufeng-Longmaxi formations and its application for the thermal maturity evaluation[J]. Natural Gas Geoscience, 2017, 28(12): 1855-1863. | |
52 | GOODARZI F. Dispersion of optical properties of graptolite epiderms with increased maturity in early Paleozoic organic sediments[J]. Fuel, 1985, 64(12): 1735-1740. |
53 | GOODARZI F. Reflected light microscopy of chitinozoan fragments[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1985, 2(1): 72-78. |
54 | GOODARZI F, FOWLER M G, BUSTIN M, et al. Thermal maturity of Early Paleozoic sediments as determined by the optical properties of marine-derived organic matter—A review[M]//SCHIDLOWSKI M, GOLUBIC S, KIMBERLEY M M, et al. Early Organic Evolution. Berlin: Springer, 1992: 279-295. |
55 | RIEDIGER C, GOODARZI F, MACQUEEN R W. Graptolites as indicators of regional maturity in Lower Paleozoic sediments, Selwyn Basin, Yukon and Northwest Territories, Canada[J]. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 1989, 26(10): 2003-2015. |
56 | BERTRAND R. Correlations among the reflectances of vitrinite, chitinozoans, graptolites and scolecodonts[J]. Organic Geochemistry, 1990, 15(6): 565-574. |
57 | BERTRAND R, LAVOIE D, FOWLER M. Cambrian-Ordovician shales in the Humber Zone: Thermal maturation and source rock potential[J]. Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, 2003, 51(3): 213-233. |
58 | 汪啸风, 霍夫奈克, 肖建新, 等. 笔石的反射率及其在指示热成熟度上的应用[J]. 中国地质科学院宜昌地质矿产研究所所刊, 1992, 18: 83-93. |
WANG Xiaofeng, HOFFKNECHT A, XIAO Jianxin, et al. Reflectance of graptolite and its use as indicator of thermal maturity[J]. Journal of Yichang Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, 1992, 18: 83-93. | |
59 | LIANG Yan, BERNARDO J, GOLDMAN D, et al. Morphological variation suggests that chitinozoans may be fossils of individual microorganisms rather than metazoan eggs[J]. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 2019, 286(1908): 20191270. |
60 | TRICKER P M, MARSHALL J E A, BADMAN T D. Chitinozoan reflectance: A Lower Palaeozoic thermal maturity indicator[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1992, 9(3): 302-307. |
61 | BUCHARDT B, LEWAN M D. Reflectance of vitrinite-like macerals as a thermal maturity index for Cambrian-Ordovician Alum Shale, southern Scandinavia[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1990, 74(4): 394-406. |
62 | SCHMIDT J S, ARAUJO C V, SOUZA I V A F, et al. Hydrous pyrolysis maturation of vitrinite-like and humic vitrinite macerals: Implications for thermal maturity analysis[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2015, 144/145: 5-14. |
63 | CROWTHER P R. The fine structure of graptolite periderm[M]. London: Palaeontological Association, 1981. |
64 | GENTZIS T, DE FREITAS T, GOODARZI F, et al. Thermal maturity of Lower Paleozoic sedimentary successions in Arctic Canada[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1996, 80(7): 1065-1083. |
65 | GOODARZI F. Organic petrography of graptolite fragments from Turkey[J]. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 1984, 1(3): 202-210. |
66 | GOODARZI F, NORFORD B S. Optical properties of graptolite epiderm-A review[J]. Bulletin of Geological Society of Denmark, 1987, 35: 141-147. |
67 | GOODARZI F, NORFORD B S. Variation of graptolite reflectance with depth of burial[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 1989, 11(2): 127-141. |
68 | LINK C M, BUSTIN R M, GOODARZI F. Petrology of graptolites and their utility as indices of thermal maturity in Lower Paleozoic strata in northern Yukon, Canada[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 1990, 15(2): 113-135. |
69 | TEICHMÜLLER M. Nachweis von graptolithen-periderm in geschieferten gesteinen mit hilfe kohlenpetrologischer methoden[J]. Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte, 1978, 7: 430-447. |
70 | HAO Jingyue, ZHONG Ningning, LUO Qingyong, et al. Raman spectroscopy of graptolite periderm and its potential as an organic maturity indicator for the Lower Paleozoic in southwestern China[J]. International Journal of Coal Geology, 2019, 213: 103278. |
71 | 孟江辉, 吕沛熙, 吴伟, 等. 基于笔石表皮体反射率和拉曼光谱评价海相页岩热成熟度的方法——以川南下古生界五峰组-龙马溪组为例[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2022, 43(6): 1515-1528. |
MENG Jianghui, Peixi LYU, WU Wei, et al. A method for evaluating the thermal maturity of marine shale based on graptolite reflectance and Raman spectroscopy: A case from the Lower Palaeozoic Wufeng-Longmaxi formations, southern Sichuan Basin, SW China[J]. Oil & Gas Geology, 2022, 43(6): 1515-1528. |
[1] | 刘惠民, 包友书, 黎茂稳, 李政, 吴连波, 朱日房, 王大洋, 王鑫. 页岩油富集可动性地球化学评价参数探讨[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(3): 622-636. |
[2] | 蒲秀刚, 董姜畅, 柴公权, 宋舜尧, 时战楠, 韩文中, 张伟, 解德录. 渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷古近系孔店组二段页岩高丰度有机质富集模式[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(3): 696-709. |
[3] | 方锐, 蒋裕强, 杨长城, 邓海波, 蒋婵, 洪海涛, 唐松, 谷一凡, 朱讯, 孙莎莎, 蔡光银. 四川盆地侏罗系凉高山组不同岩性组合页岩油赋存状态及可动性[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(3): 752-769. |
[4] | 李军, 邹友龙, 路菁. 陆相页岩油储层可动油含量测井评价方法[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(3): 816-826. |
[5] | 杜晓宇, 金之钧, 曾联波, 刘国平, 杨森, 梁新平, 陆国青. 基于成像测井的深层陆相页岩油储层天然裂缝有效性评价[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(3): 852-865. |
[6] | 邹才能, 董大忠, 熊伟, 傅国友, 赵群, 刘雯, 孔维亮, 张琴, 蔡光银, 王玉满, 梁峰, 刘翰林, 邱振. 中国页岩气新区带、新层系和新类型勘探进展、挑战及对策[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(2): 309-326. |
[7] | 赵喆, 白斌, 刘畅, 王岚, 周海燕, 刘羽汐. 中国石油陆上中-高成熟度页岩油勘探现状、进展与未来思考[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(2): 327-340. |
[8] | 柳波, 蒙启安, 付晓飞, 林铁锋, 白云风, 田善思, 张金友, 姚瑶, 程心阳, 刘召. 松辽盆地白垩系青山口组一段页岩生、排烃组分特征及页岩油相态演化[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(2): 406-419. |
[9] | 何骁, 郑马嘉, 刘勇, 赵群, 石学文, 姜振学, 吴伟, 伍亚, 宁诗坦, 唐相路, 刘达东. 四川盆地“槽-隆”控制下的寒武系筇竹寺组页岩储层特征及其差异性成因[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(2): 420-439. |
[10] | 高和群, 高玉巧, 何希鹏, 聂军. 苏北盆地古近系阜宁组二段页岩油储层岩石力学特征及其控制因素[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(2): 502-515. |
[11] | 师良, 范柏江, 李忠厚, 余紫巍, 蔺子瑾, 戴欣洋. 鄂尔多斯盆地中部三叠系延长组7段烃组分的运移分异作用[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(1): 157-168. |
[12] | 张益, 张斌, 刘帮华, 柳洁, 魏千盛, 张歧, 陆红军, 朱鹏宇, 王瑞. 页岩气储层吸附渗流研究现状及发展趋势[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(1): 256-280. |
[13] | 侯读杰, 吴克强, 尤丽, 张自鸣, 李雅君, 熊小峰, 徐敏, 严夏泽, 陈威合, 程熊. 琼东南盆地陆源海相烃源岩有机质富集机理[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2024, 45(1): 31-43. |
[14] | 郭旭升, 马晓潇, 黎茂稳, 钱门辉, 胡宗全. 陆相页岩油富集机理探讨[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(6): 1333-1349. |
[15] | 孙龙德, 王小军, 冯子辉, 邵红梅, 曾花森, 高波, 江航. 松辽盆地古龙页岩纳米孔缝形成机制与页岩油富集特征[J]. 石油与天然气地质, 2023, 44(6): 1350-1365. |
阅读次数 | ||||||
全文 |
|
|||||
摘要 |
|
|||||