石油与天然气地质 ›› 2022, Vol. 43 ›› Issue (1): 1-25.doi: 10.11743/ogg20220101
黎茂稳1,2(), 马晓潇1,2, 金之钧1,2, 李志明1,2, 蒋启贵1,2, 吴世强3, 李政4, 徐祖新5
收稿日期:
2021-08-19
修回日期:
2021-11-25
出版日期:
2022-02-01
发布日期:
2022-01-28
第一作者简介:
黎茂稳(1962—),男,博士、教授级高级工程师,石油地质。E?mail: 基金项目:
Maowen Li1,2(), Xiaoxiao Ma1,2, Zhijun Jin1,2, Zhiming Li1,2, Qigui Jiang1,2, Shiqiang Wu3, Zheng Li4, Zuxin Xu5
Received:
2021-08-19
Revised:
2021-11-25
Online:
2022-02-01
Published:
2022-01-28
摘要:
富有机质细粒沉积岩相组合和有机相之间存在着很强的相关性,富碳酸盐细粒沉积岩相组合以Ⅰ-S或Ⅱ-S型有机相为主,长英质页岩相组合多数为Ⅱ型有机相,而富粘土质页岩相组合的有机相多为Ⅲ/Ⅳ型有机质。因此,全岩矿物X衍射分析既可用于研究细粒沉积岩相与沉积环境,也可提供有机质类型、烃类产物特征、岩石力学性质和可压性等重要参考信息。在北美和四川盆地海相页岩对比分析的基础上,以中国主要陆相页岩层系为研究对象,利用全岩矿物X衍射分析,结合岩心观察、薄片鉴定、总有机碳含量(TOC)分析等多种手段,开展岩相和有机相类型识别及岩相组合特征和不同页岩层系差异性分析,并探讨它们对非常规页岩油气勘探的指导意义。研究结果表明,中国陆相湖盆沉积类型多样,陆相盆地拗陷期淡水-微咸水湖泊页岩层系以贫碳酸盐矿物的粘土质-长英质页岩相组合为主;而陆相盆地裂陷期咸化、碱化湖泊沉积以碳酸盐质页岩相组合和含碳酸盐的粘土质-长英质页岩相组合为主,各种陆相细粒沉积体系均以相带变化快、岩性-岩相复杂、储-盖组合样式多变为特征。中国陆相细粒沉积岩相的非均质性和岩相组合的多样性,带来了陆相页岩油气“甜点”类型的多样性;不同岩相组合对应的有机相存在显著差异,有机质的差异演化又带来了不同岩相中烃类赋存状态的差异性。这些分析结果证实,每套陆相页岩都具有各自的地质特点。细粒沉积岩相和有机相组合的多样性和差异性,揭示了陆相页岩油气“甜点”和资源分类评价的必要性。
中图分类号:
表1
英国石油公司(BP)和法国石油研究院(IFP)推荐的有机相分类[22]以及本文提出的修改建议"
BP有机相 分类 | 生源环境 | 主要生源 | 含硫量 | 环境与地质年代分布 | IFP有机相 分类 | 本文修改建议 | 生油气 特征 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A | 水生,海相,硅质, 碳酸盐/蒸发岩 | 海藻,细菌 | 高 | 海洋上升洋流区,贫陆源碎屑盆地,任何时代 | Ⅱ-S型 | Ⅰ-S,Ⅱ-S;适用于海相和陆相湖盆 裂陷期富碳酸盐-蒸发岩体系 | 生油 为主 |
B | 水生,海相, 硅质碎屑岩 | 海藻,细菌 | 中等 | 海洋,碎屑盆地,任何时代 | Ⅱ型 | ||
C | 水生,非海相, 湖相 | 淡水藻,细菌 | 低 | 构造活动,陆相盆地,近海平原(少见),显生宙 | Ⅰ型 | 仅适用于陆相湖盆拗陷期淡水为主的细粒沉积体系 | |
D | 陆生,非海相, 高蜡 | 植物角质层,树脂, 木质素,细菌 | 低 | 近海平原湿地,中生代以来 | Ⅲ型 | 生气 为主 | |
E | 陆生,非海相, 高蜡 | 植物角质层, 木质素,细菌 | 低 | 近海平原湿地,中生代以后 | Ⅲ型 | ||
F | 陆生,非海相, 低蜡,煤 | 木质素 | 低 | 近海平原,晚古生代以来 | Ⅲ/Ⅳ型 |
表2
中国主要陆相烃源岩层系基本特征对比"
盆地/凹陷 | 盆地类型 | 层位 | 湖泊环境 | 主要岩相类型 | 有机相 类型 | 有利面积/ (104km2) | 累计 厚度/m | 成熟度/ % | TOC/ % |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔 凹陷 | 裂陷 | 二叠系 芦草沟组 | 咸水 | 中-高碳块状泥晶云岩相、块状粉砂质砂屑云岩相、块状凝灰质粉砂岩相、条带状含凝灰云岩相、纹层状粉砂质/泥质沉凝灰岩相和纹层状云质泥岩相 | Ⅱ,Ⅱ-S | 3.0~4.0 | 30~200 | 0.6~1.6 | 1.2~8.9 |
准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷 | 裂陷 | 二叠系 风城组 | 咸水-碱水 | 低-中碳混合质页岩相、薄层白云质粉砂岩相、泥晶白云岩相、岩屑砂岩相和长石质岩屑砂岩相 | Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅰ-S | 0.5 | 150~550 | 0.6~1.6 | 1.2~2.0 |
鄂尔多斯 盆地 | 坳陷 | 三叠系 7段 | 淡水-微咸水 | 富碳厚层状、薄层状和纹层状长英质泥页岩相、混合页岩相夹薄层状粉-细砂岩相 | Ⅰ,Ⅱ,Ⅱ-S | 10.0 | 10~100 | 0.7~1.5 | 2.0~20.0 |
四川盆地 | 坳陷 | 中下 侏罗统 | 淡水-微咸水 | 中-高碳粘土质页岩相、纹层-薄层状粘土质页岩相、中-低碳粉砂质页岩相为主,低-中碳粘土质介壳灰质页岩相和粉砂质粘土质页岩相次之 | Ⅲ,Ⅱ | 3.0 | 80~150 | 0.5~1.6 | 0.2~3.8 |
松辽盆地 古龙凹陷 | 坳陷 | 上白垩统青山口组 | 淡水-微咸水 | 富碳长英质泥页岩相、富碳层状/纹层状粉砂岩相、泥质粉砂岩相和泥质粉砂质页岩相 | Ⅰ | 5.0~6.0 | 100~150 | 0.5~2.0 | 0.9~9.0 |
渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷 | 裂陷 | 古近系 沙河街组 | 微咸水-咸水 | 富碳黑色灰质页岩相、高碳块状灰质泥岩相、中-高碳混合质泥页岩相、中碳薄透镜状晶粒灰岩相 | Ⅰ,Ⅱ,I-S | 5.0~10.0 | 30~1 000 | 0.5~2.0 | 1.5~10.0 |
渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷 | 裂陷 | 古近系 孔店组 | 微咸水-咸水 | 粉砂岩相、富碳长英质页岩、富碳混合质页岩、高碳块状灰云岩 | I,Ⅱ,I-S | 0.2 | 200~500 | 0.6~1.3 | 1.3~8.8 |
江汉盆地 潜江凹陷 | 裂陷 | 古近系 潜江组 | 咸水-盐湖 | 富碳纹层状白云岩相、富碳纹层状泥质白云岩相、纹层状泥质灰岩相 | Ⅱ-S | 2.8 | 50~650 | 0.5~1.2 | 0.5~12.0 |
表4
陆相页岩油储集“甜点”类型与基本地质特征对比"
类型 | 典型实例 | 地质特征 | 地质分布 |
---|---|---|---|
致密砂岩、 灰岩夹层型 | 鄂尔多斯盆地长7段、四川盆地侏罗系 | 源-储共存、页岩层系整体含油,薄层砂岩或灰岩有利储集层“甜点”近源富集 | 淡水湖盆:鄂尔多斯盆地、松辽盆地、四川盆地 |
混合质页岩型 | 渤海湾盆地沧东凹陷孔二段、沾化-东营凹陷沙三段-沙四段、江汉盆地潜三段 | 源-储共存或一体,页岩层系整体含油,多源供烃,混合质页岩自身与相邻页岩向混合质页岩“甜点”供油 | 咸水湖盆-盐湖:江汉盆地、渤海湾盆地、准噶尔盆地、三塘湖盆地、柴达木盆地 |
页岩基质型 | 松辽盆地古龙凹陷青一段 | 源-储一体,纹层状页岩整体含油,烃类在砂质、钙质页岩有利储集层原地富集形成“甜点”,高TOC、高演化、地层超压、物性甜点控制富集 | 淡水湖盆、咸化湖盆、盐湖 |
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